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20 December 2018

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The public had many other interests, and by a new spirit and type of journalism was being trained to make greater and more various demands upon the journalistic resources of its papers. There have been exceptions to the typical portrait of justices growing up middle class or wealthy. In 2009, Obama appointed Sonia Sotomayor, a woman of descent, to be the first unequivocally Hispanic Justice.

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Crossword Solver - Although in January 2017, after seven years with no Protestant justices serving or nominated, President nominated to the Court, as noted above it is unclear whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian.

The demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States encompass the , , and religious, geographic, and economic backgrounds of the 113 people who have been appointed and confirmed as justices to the. Some of these characteristics have been raised as an issue since the Court was established in 1789. For its first 180 years, justices were almost always. Prior to the 20th century, a few were appointed, but concerns about diversity of the Court were mainly in terms of geographic diversity, to represent all of the country, as opposed to ethnic, religious, or gender diversity. The 20th century saw the first appointment of justices who were , 1916 , , 1967 , female , 1981 , and , 1986. The 21st century saw the first appointment of a justice , 2009 , if justice , who was a of Portuguese descent and appointed in 1932, is excluded. In spite of the interest in the Court's demographics and the symbolism accompanying the inevitably political appointment process, and the views of some commentators that no demographic considerations should arise in the selection process, the gender, race, educational background or religious views of the justices has played little role in their jurisprudence. For example, the opinions of the two African-American justices have reflected radically different judicial philosophies; and shared Catholic faith and a education, but shared little in the way of jurisprudential philosophies. The court's first two female justices voted together no more often than with their male colleagues, and historian Thomas R. For most of the existence of the Court, geographic diversity was a key concern of presidents in choosing justices to appoint. In 1789, the United States was divided into judicial circuits, and from that time until 1891, Supreme Court justices also acted as judges within those individual circuits. Although the importance of regionalism declined, it still arose from time to time. For example, in appointing in 1929, President Hoover was as concerned about the controversy over having three justices on the Court as he was about having two Jewish justices. Until 1867, the sixth seat was reserved as the 'southern seat'. Until Cardozo's appointment in 1932, the third seat was reserved for. Nixon unsuccessfully nominated Southerners of and of , before finally succeeding with the nomination of of. The issue of regional diversity was again raised with the 2010 retirement of John Paul Stevens, who had been appointed from the midwestern Seventh Circuit, leaving the Court with all but one Justice having been appointed from states on the East Coast. As of 2017 , the Court has a majority from the Northeastern United States, with six justices coming from states to the north and east of including four justices born or raised in New York City. The remaining three justices come from Georgia, California and Colorado; the most recent justice from being of Illinois who retired in 2010. Contemporary Justices may be associated with multiple states. Many nominees are appointed while serving in states or districts other than their hometown or home state. Chief Justice John Roberts, for example, was born in , but moved to at the age of five, where he grew up. After law school, Roberts worked in while living in. Thus, three states may claim his domicile. Despite the efforts to achieve geographic balance, only seven justices have ever hailed from states admitted after or during. New York has produced fifteen justices, ten, nine, eight, six each from and , and five from , , and. A handful of justices were born outside the United States, mostly from among the earliest justices on the Court. These included , born in , Scotland; , born in , England; and , born in , Ireland. Justice was born farthest from the U. The last foreign-born Justice, and the only one of these for whom English was a second language, was , born in ,. The Constitution imposes no requirement on federal judges. All Supreme Court justices were and of European heritage until the appointment of , the first Justice, in 1967. Since then, only two other non-white Justices have been appointed, Marshall's African-American successor, in 1991, and Latina Justice in 2009. Foreign birth There have been six foreign-born justices in the Court's history: 1789-1798 , born in , ; 1790-1799 , born in , ; 1793-1806 , born in , ; 1889-1910 , born to American missionary parents in , now , ; 1922-1939 , born in , England; and 1939-1962 , born in ,. White justices The vast majority of white justices have been of , , or descent. Cardozo, appointed to the Court in 1932, was the first justice known to have non-Germanic or non-Anglo-Saxon ancestry and the first justice of descent. Both of Justice Cardozo's parents descended from from the Iberian Peninsula who fled to Holland during the then to London, before arriving in New York prior to the American Revolution. Justice was born to a father who immigrated from Russia at age 13 and a mother who was born four months after her parents immigrated from Poland. African American justices No African-American candidate was given serious consideration for appointment to the Supreme Court until the election of , who weighed the possibility of appointing of the. Hastie had been the first African-American elevated to a Court of Appeals when had so appointed him in 1949, and by the time of the Kennedy Administration, it was widely anticipated that Hastie might be appointed to the Supreme Court. The first African American appointed to the Court was , appointed by in 1967. The second was , appointed by to succeed Marshall in 1991. Bush initially wanted to nominate Thomas to replace , who stepped down in 1990, but he then decided that Thomas had not yet had enough experience as a judge after only months on the federal bench. Bush therefore nominated New Hampshire Supreme Court judge who is not African American instead. The selection of Thomas to instead replace Marshall preserved the existing racial composition of the court. Hispanic and Latino justices , the first Hispanic justice, with appointing President. Sotomayor is also generally regarded as the first Hispanic justice, although some sources claim that this distinction belongs to former Justice. Subsequently, was reported by several sources to have considered for a Supreme Court nomination on both occasions when a Court vacancy opened during the Clinton presidency. The possibility of a Hispanic Justice returned during the , with various reports suggesting that , , and were under consideration for the vacancy left by the retirement of. O'Connor's seat eventually went to , however. Speculation about a Hispanic nomination arose again after the election of. In 2009, Obama appointed Sonia Sotomayor, a woman of descent, to be the first unequivocally Hispanic Justice. Both the and the count Sotomayor as the first Hispanic justice. Some historians contend that Cardozo—a believed to be of distant descent —should also be counted as the first Justice. By contrast, Cardozo made his own translations of authoritative legal works written in and. Ethnic groups that have never been represented Many ethnic groups have never been represented on the Court. There has never been a Justice with any Asian, Native American, or Pacific Islander heritage, and no person having such a heritage was publicly considered for an appointment until the 21st century. Legal scholar , of descent, was named as a potential nominee. During the presidency of Barack Obama, potential nominees have included , of descent, and former attorney general , a member of the tribe. The four women who have served on the Court. From left to right: Justices ret. October 1, 2010, prior to Justice Kagan's Investiture Ceremony. Of the 113 justices, 109 96. All Supreme Court justices were males until 1981, when fulfilled his to place a woman on the Court, which he did with the appointment of. O'Connor was later joined on the Court by , appointed by in 1993. After O'Connor retired in 2006, Ginsburg would be joined by and , who were successfully appointed to the Court in 2009 and 2010, respectively, by. The only other woman to be nominated to the Court was , whose nomination to succeed O'Connor by was. Substantial public sentiment in support of appointment of a woman to the Supreme Court has been expressed since at least as early as 1930, when an editorial in the encouraged to consider Ohio justice or assistant attorney general. However, neither Roosevelt nor his successors over the following two decades gave strong consideration to female candidates for the Court. President named , then serving on the , as a potential nominee to fill one of two vacancies on the Court in 1971. However, Lillie was quickly deemed unqualified by the , and no formal proceedings were ever set with respect to her potential nomination. Marital status All but a handful of Supreme Court justices have been married. In addition, retired justice and current justice have never been married. Justice divorced his first wife in 1979, marrying his second wife later that year. Several justices have become widowers while on the bench. The 1792 death of Elizabeth Rutledge, wife of Justice , contributed to the mental health problems that led to the rejection of his recess appointment. William Rehnquist was a widower for the last fourteen years of his service on the Court, his wife Natalie having died on October 17, 1991 after suffering from. With the death of in June 2010, Ruth Bader Ginsburg became the first woman to be widowed while serving on the Court. Sexual orientation With regards to , no Supreme Court justice has identified himself or herself as anything other than , and no incontrovertible evidence of a justice having any other sexual orientation has ever been uncovered. However, the personal lives of several justices and nominees have attracted speculation. Some therefore claim him as the only or person nominated to the Court thus far. Speculation has been recorded about the sexual orientation of a few justices who were lifelong bachelors, but no unambiguous evidence exists that they were gay. For more than 40 years, Edward G. Kemp was Frank Murphy's devoted, trusted companion. Like Murphy, Kemp was a lifelong bachelor. From college until Murphy's death, the pair found creative ways to work and live together. Speculation has also surrounded , whose suggests repressed homosexuality or asexuality. The fact that he was unmarried and was personally tutored by the writer alleged to have had sexual relations with boys led some of Cardozo's biographers to insinuate that Cardozo was homosexual, but no real evidence exists to corroborate this possibility. Constitutional law scholar noted in a of 's book on Cardozo: Polenberg describes Cardozo's lifelong devotion to his older sister Nell, with whom he lived in New York until her death in 1929. Similar questions were raised regarding the sexual orientation of unmarried nominee Elena Kagan. However, no evidence was ever produced regarding Souter's sexual orientation, and Kagan's apparent heterosexuality was attested by colleagues familiar with her dating history. When the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the first members came from among the ranks of the and were almost uniformly Protestant. Of the 113 justices who have been appointed to the court, 91 have been from various Protestant denominations, 12 have been Catholics one other justice, , converted to Catholicism after leaving the Court. Another, , was raised in the Catholic Church but later attended an Episcopal church, though without specifying the denomination to which he felt he belonged. Eight have been Jewish and one, , had no known religious affiliation. Three of the 17 chief justices have been Catholics, and one Jewish justice, , was unsuccessfully nominated to be chief justice. The table below shows the religious affiliation of each of the justices sitting as of August 2018 : Name Religion Appt. These have included 33 , 18 , nine , five , three , and lone representatives of various other denominations. Some 15 Protestant justices did not adhere to a particular denomination. Conversely, churches historically were overrepresented. Although , appointed in 2017, attends an Episcopal church, he was raised Catholic and it is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant. Catholic justices , the first Roman Catholic Justice. The first Catholic justice, , was appointed chief justice in 1836 by. The second, , was appointed as an associate justice in 1894, but also went on to become chief justice. Other Catholic justices included appointed 1923 and appointed 1940. Minton joined his wife's church in 1961, five years after he retired from the Court. Minton was succeeded by a Catholic, however, when President appointed to that seat. Eisenhower sought a Catholic to appoint to the Court—in part because there had been no Catholic justice since Murphy's death in 1949, and in part because Eisenhower was directly lobbied by of the to make such an appointment. Brennan was then the lone Catholic justice until the appointment of Antonin Scalia in 1986, and in 1988. Like Sherman Minton, Clarence Thomas was not a Catholic at the time he was appointed to the Court. Thomas was raised Catholic and briefly attended , a , but had joined the Protestant denomination of his wife after their marriage. At some point in the late 1990s, Thomas returned to Catholicism. In 2005, became the third Catholic Chief Justice and the fourth Catholic on the Court. Shortly thereafter, became the fifth on the Court, and the eleventh in the history of the Court. Alito's appointment gave the Court a Catholic majority for the first time in its history. Besides Thomas, at least one other Justice, , was raised as a Roman Catholic, but converted to a different branch of Christianity prior to serving on the Court. That the majority of the Court is now Catholic, and that the appointment of Catholics has become accepted, represents a historical 'sea change. In May 2009, President nominated a Catholic woman, , to replace retiring Justice. Her confirmation raised the number of Catholics on the Court to six, compared to three non-Catholics all Jewish. With 's death in February 2016, the number of Catholic Justices went back to five. With 's retirement in July 2018, the number of Catholic Justices went down to four. All of the Catholic justices have been members of the within the Catholic Church. Name State Birth Death Year appointed Left office Appointed by Reason for termination 1777 1864 1836 1864 death 1845 1921 1894 1921 associate chief death 1843 1926 1898 1925 retirement 1866 1939 1923 1939 death 1890 1949 1940 1949 death 1890 1965 1949 1956 death 1906 1997 1956 1990 death 1936 2016 1986 2016 death 1936 living 1988 2018 retirement 1948 living 1991 incumbent — 1955 living 2005 incumbent — 1950 living 2006 incumbent — 1954 living 2009 incumbent — , the first Jewish Justice. However, Benjamin declined the offer, and ultimately became during the. The first nominee, , was appointed in 1916, after a tumultuous hearing process. The 1932 appointment of raised mild controversy for placing two Jewish justices on the Court at the same time, although the appointment was widely lauded based on Cardozo's qualifications, and the Senate was unanimous in confirming Cardozo. Cardozo was succeeded by another Jewish Justice, , but Brandeis was succeeded by Protestant. Negative reaction to the appointment of the early Jewish justices did not exclusively come from outside the Court. Justice , a blatant , refused to speak to Brandeis for three years following the latter's appointment and when Brandeis retired in 1939, did not sign the customary dedicatory letter sent to Court members on their retirement. After Fortas resigned in 1969, he was replaced by Protestant. No Jewish justices were nominated thereafter until Ronald Reagan nominated in 1987, to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of ; however, this nomination was withdrawn, and the Court remained without any Jewish justices until 1993, when unrelated to Douglas Ginsburg was appointed to replace. Ginsburg was followed in relatively quick succession by the appointment of , also Jewish, in 1994 to replace. In 2010, the confirmation of President Barack Obama's nomination of Elena Kagan to the Court ensured that three Jewish justices would serve simultaneously. At the time of his remarks, 6. Name State Birth Death Year appointed Left office Appointed by Reason for termination 1856 1941 1916 1939 retirement 1870 1938 1932 1938 death 1882 1965 1939 1962 retirement 1908 1990 1962 1965 resigned to become 1910 1982 1965 1969 resignation 1933 living 1993 incumbent — 1938 living 1994 incumbent — 1960 living 2010 incumbent — The shift to a Catholic majority, and non-Protestant Court At the time of Breyer's appointment in 1994, there were two justices, Antonin Scalia and , and two Jewish justices, Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. At this point, the four remaining Protestant justices—Rehnquist, Stevens, O'Connor, and Souter—remained a plurality on the Court, but for the first time in the history of the Court, Protestants were no longer an absolute majority. The first Catholic plurality on the Court occurred in 2005, when Chief Justice Rehnquist was succeeded in office by Chief Justice , who became the fourth sitting Catholic justice. On January 31, 2006, Samuel Alito became the fifth sitting Catholic justice, and on August 6, 2009, Sonia Sotomayor became the sixth. By contrast, there has been only one Catholic U. President, unrelated to Justice Kennedy , and one Catholic U. Vice President, , and there has never been a Jewish U. President or Vice President. At the beginning of 2010, Justice was the sole remaining Protestant on the Court. In April 2010, Justice Stevens announced his retirement, effective as of the Court's 2010 summer recess. Upon Justice Stevens' retirement, which formally began on June 28, 2010, the Court lacked a Protestant member, marking the first time in its history that it was exclusively composed of Jewish and Catholic justices. Although in January 2017, after seven years with no Protestant justices serving or nominated, President nominated to the Court, as noted above it is unclear whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian. This development led to some comment. Religions that have never been represented A number of sizable religious groups, each less than 2% of the U. These include , , , , , , and. Sutherland's parents soon left the LDS Church and moved to Montana. Sutherland himself also disaffiliated with the faith, but remained in Utah and graduated from in 1881, the only non-Mormon in his class. In 1975, Attorney General had listed , a Mormon who had for and was then president of , as a potential nominee for. No professing has ever been appointed to the Court, although some justices have declined to engage in religious activity, or affiliate with a denomination. As an adult, Benjamin Cardozo no longer practiced his faith and identified himself as an , though he remained proud of his Jewish heritage. Unlike the offices of President, U. Senator, there is no minimum age for Supreme Court justices set forth in the. However, justices tend to be appointed after having made significant achievements in law or politics, which excludes many young potential candidates from consideration. At the same time, justices appointed at too advanced an age will likely have short tenures on the Court. The youngest justice ever appointed was , 32 at the time of his appointment in 1812; the oldest was , who was 67 at the time of his appointment as Chief Justice in 1930. Hughes had previously been appointed to the Court as an associate justice in 1910, at the age of 48, but had resigned in 1916 to run for president. Story went on to serve for 33 years, while Hughes served 11 years after his second appointment. The oldest justice at the time of his initial appointment was , 65 at the time of his appointment in 1909. Lurton died after only four years on the Court. The oldest sitting justice to be elevated to Chief Justice was Hughes' successor, , who was 68 at the time of his elevation in 1941. Stone died in 1946, only five years after his elevation. The oldest nominee to the court was South Carolina senator , nominated in 1837, then aged around 75 it is known that he was born in 1762, but not the exact date. The Senate confirmed Smith's nomination by a vote of 23—18, but Smith declined to serve. Of the justices currently sitting, the youngest at time of appointment was Clarence Thomas, who was 43 years old at the time of his confirmation in 1991. As of the beginning of the 2017—18 term, is the youngest justice sitting, at 50 years of age. The oldest person to have served on the Court was , who stepped down two months shy of his 91st birthday. The average age of the Court as a whole fluctuates over time with the departure of older justices and the appointment of younger people to fill their seats. The average age of the Court is 72 years, 9 months. Just prior to the death of Chief Justice in September 2005, the average age was 71. After Sonia Sotomayor was appointed in August 2009, the average age at which current justices were appointed was about 53 years old. The longest period of time in which one group of justices has served together occurred from August 3, 1994, when was appointed to replace the retired , to September 3, 2005, the death of Rehnquist, totaling 11 years and 31 days. From 1789 until 1970, justices served an average of 14. Those who have stepped down since 1970 have served an average of 25. The retirement age had jumped from an average of 68 pre-1970 to 79 for justices retiring post-1970. Between 1789 and 1970 there was a vacancy on the Court once every 1. In the next 34 years since the two appointments in 1971, there was a vacancy on average only once every 3. The typical one-term president has had one appointment opportunity instead of two. Combined with the reduction in responsibilities carried out by modern justices as compared to the early justices, this results in much longer potential terms of service. This has led to proposals such as imposing a mandatory retirement age for Supreme Court justices and predetermined term limits. Although the Constitution imposes no educational background requirements for federal judges, the work of the Court involves complex questions of —ranging from to to —and consequently, a legal education has become a de facto prerequisite to appointment on the Supreme Court. Every person who has been nominated to the Court has been an. The first justice to be appointed who had attended an actual law school was , appointed to the Court in 1846. Woodbury had attended in , the most prestigious law school in the United States in that day, prior to his admission to the bar in 1812. However, Woodbury did not earn a. Woodbury's successor on the Court, , who received his law degree from in 1832, and was appointed to the Court in 1851, was the first Justice to bear such a credential. Associate Justice , whose short tenure lasted from June 1941 to October 1942, was the last justice without a law degree to be appointed; , who served on the Court from 1938 to 1957, was the last sitting justice from such a background. In total, of the 113 justices appointed to the Court, 48 have had law degrees, an additional 18 attended some law school but did not receive a degree, and 47 received their legal education without any law school attendance. Two justices, and , earned a degree. The table below shows the and from which each of the justices sitting as of April 2017 graduated: Name Appt. As of 2017 , eight of the nine sitting justices previously served as judges of the , while Justice Elena Kagan served as , the attorney responsible for representing the federal government in cases before the Court. Few justices have a background as , and Thurgood Marshall is reportedly the last justice to have had a client in a case. Historically, justices have come from some tradition of public service; only had no such experience. Relatively few justices have been appointed from among members of Congress. Six were members of the at the time of their appointment, while one was a sitting member of the. Six more had previously served in the Senate. Three have been sitting. Only one, , had been. The last justice to have held elected office was , who was elected twice to the after being appointed there by the governor. His father served on the Virginia Council and was for a time acting Royal governor. His granduncle, James Blair, was founder and first president of the College of William and Mary. There have been exceptions to the typical portrait of justices growing up middle class or wealthy. For example, the family of went through a period of impoverishment during his childhood, resulting from the disability of his father due to a. In 2008, seven of the nine sitting justices were millionaires, and the remaining two were close to that level of wealth. Historian , in his 1980 book , argues that the justices cannot be neutral in matters between rich and poor, as they are almost always from the upper class. Chief Justice Roberts is the son of an executive with ; Justice Stevens was born into a wealthy Chicago family; and Justices Kennedy and Breyer both had fathers who were successful attorneys. Only Justices Thomas and Sotomayor have been regarded as coming from a background. The Pin Point community he lived in lacked a sewage system and paved roads. Financial disclosures Beginning in 1979, the of 1978 required federal officials, including the justices, to file annual disclosures of their income and assets. These disclosures provide a snapshot into the wealth of the justices, reported within broad ranges, from year to year since 1979. The least wealthy Justice was. The 1982 report disclosed that newly appointed Justice Sandra Day O'Connor was a millionaire, and the second-wealthiest Justice on the Court after Powell. In 2011, however, it was revealed that going back to at least 1989. The 2007 report was the first to reflect the holdings of John Roberts and Samuel Alito. Disclosures for that year indicated that Clarence Thomas and Anthony Kennedy were the only justices who were clearly not millionaires, although Thomas was reported to have signed a book deal worth over one million dollars. This, in turn, has affected the business of the Court, as these holdings have led justices to recuse themselves from cases, occasionally with substantial impact. For example, in 2008, the recusal of John Roberts in one case, and Samuel Alito in another, resulted in each ending in a 4—4 split, which does not create a binding precedent. The Court was unable to decide another case in 2008 because four of the nine justices had conflicts, three arising from stock ownership in affected companies. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. Public Opinion and the Rehnquist Court. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. Public Opinion and the Rehnquist Court. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. Grossman, The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States 2005 , p. PDF from the original on December 19, 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2017. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from on 2017-03-20. Retrieved 3 May 2017. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Retrieved 18 June 2017 — via New York Times. The family into which Benjamin Nathan Cardozo was born... Both branches of the family the Cardozos and the Nathans had arrived in the American colonies before the American Revolution. Cardozo family tradition holds that their ancestors were Portuguese Marranos--Jews who practiced Judaism secretly after forced conversion to Christianity--who fled the Inquisition in the seventeenth century. They took refuge first in Holland and then in London. Later members of the family emigrated to the New World. Aaron Cardozo, was the first Cardozo to settle in the American colonies, arriving in New York from London in 1752. Retrieved 15 June 2017 — via The ANNOTICO Reports. The Times of Trenton, New Jersey. Archived from on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 15 June 2017. Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 June 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2008. Electing Justice: Fixing the Supreme Court Nomination Process. Right Wing Justice: The Conservative Campaign to Take Over the Courts. Times April 16, 1994. The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010. Archived from on December 12, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2008. Arturo Rosales, The Dictionary of Latino Civil Rights History, Arte Publico Press February 28, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2010. The Selling of Supreme Court Nominees. Women in Law: A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook. Retrieved July 10, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2008. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. Retrieved September 19, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2010. Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians V. The Rehnquist Choice: The Untold Story of the Nixon Appointment That Redefined the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court New York: Basic Books, 2001 p. The Supreme Court New York: Basic Books, 2001 pp. The Supreme Court New York: Basic Books, 2001 p. Retrieved August 5, 2010. Springer said she doesn't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian. He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent, but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years. Supreme Court need another Protestant? All accessed April 10, 2010. Spaeth, The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited 2002 p. Frances Kissling is a visiting scholar at the Center for Bioethics at the and former president of. Unlike the inferior courts, the Chief Justice is separately nominated and subject to a separate confirmation process, regardless of whether or not s he is already an Associate Justice. In the second type of retirement, called senior status, the justice's appointment does not end. Instead, the justice accepts a reduced workload on an inferior court. For instance, Stanley F. Reed was frequently assigned to the Court of Claims when he was in senior status. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II 2007 , p. Retrieved May 31, 2009. The Supreme Court: The Personalities and Rivalries That Defined America. Mayer, The Court and the American crises, 1930—1952 1987 , p. Brown, John McKinley and the Antebellum Supreme Court 2012 , p. Archived from on 2013-09-18. Cramton and Paul D. Cramton and Paul D. Cramton and Paul D. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II 2007 , p. Senate, accessed May 12, 2009. Congress, accessed May 12, 2009. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. Sherman Minton: New Deal Senator, Cold War Justice. United States, 606 F. Retrieved January 23, 2011. The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2011. Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. New York: Dover Publications. A Hispanic View: American Politics and the Politics of Immigration. San Jose: Writers Club Press. Electing Justice: Fixing the Supreme Court Nomination Process. Oxford University Press, USA,. The Rehnquist Choice: The Untold Story of the Nixon Appointment That Redefined the Supreme Court. New York: Free Press. The Next Justice: Repairing the Supreme Court Appointments Process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. The Selling of Supreme Court Nominees. Baltimore: Free The Johns Hopkins University Press. Public Opinion and the Rehnquist Court. Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians V. New York: Basic Books. Storm Center Sixth ed. Women in Law: A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. Right Wing Justice: The Conservative Campaign to Take Over the Courts.
Pulitzer, though lacking Hearst's resources, kept the story on his front page. Retrieved August 7, 2010. Privately, Quisling had long accepted that National Socialism would be defeated. I'll finish them because it custodes me something to do while I'm eating. Much of the poetry of the Revolution is to be found in the columns of the newspapers, from the vivid and popular satires and narratives of to the saddest effusions of dogged single minded crossword clue most commonplace schoolmaster. That year I moved to Philadelphia and have north for Phillies since then. The first had appeared in Philadelphia and New York in 1784 and 1785; in 1796 one appeared in Boston. See also: The history of American newspapers begins in the early 18th century with the publication of the first newspapers. In the coming months, tens of caballeros of Norwegians followed suit and Quisling's summer was full of speeches to packed political rallies. Like Sherman Minton, Clarence Thomas was not a Catholic at the time he was appointed to the Court. Despite the new programme, some of Quisling's circle still favoured a cabinet solo. The Quisling Case in Norway.

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