How the blog began
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How the blog began - Over one million Austro-Hungarian soldiers died in World War I.
This article is about the country. For other uses, see. It is bordered by the and to the north, and to the east, and to the south, and and to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,879 km 2 32,386 sq mi. The terrain is highly mountainous, lying within the ; only 32% of the country is below 500 m 1,640 ft , and its highest point is 3,798 m 12,461 ft. The majority of the population speaks local dialects of as their native language, and in its standard form is the country's. Other local official languages are , , and. Austria is a parliamentary comprising nine. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1. Other major include , , and. Austria is consistently ranked as one of the by per capita GDP terms. The country has developed a and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its. The republic its perpetual in foreign political affairs in 1955. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, in 1995, and is a founder of the. Austria also signed the in 1995, and adopted the currency in 1999. Modern Austria honours this document, dated 996, as the founding of the nation. This word is probably a translation of into a local Bavarian dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976. At the time, the Danube basin of Austria and was the easternmost extent of Bavaria. The Central European land that is now Austria was settled in pre-Roman times by various tribes. The Celtic kingdom of was later claimed by the and made a province. Present-day Petronell- in eastern Austria was an important army camp turned capital city in what became known as the Upper Pannonia province. Carnuntum was home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was invaded by , , and. As part of , the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of. The area was known as the and was given to in 976. The first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as , referring to the territory of the Babenberg March. In 1156, the elevated Austria to the status of a duchy. In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of. With the death of in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished. As a result, effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria, and. His reign came to an end with his defeat at at the hands of in 1278. Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the. Middle Ages In the 14th and 15th centuries, the began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria. In 1438, Duke was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law,. Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception. The in 1683 broke the advance of the into Europe. The Habsburgs began also to accumulate territory far from the hereditary lands. In 1477, , only son of , married the heiress Maria of , thus acquiring most of the for the family. His son married , the heiress of and , thus acquired Spain and its Italian, African, and appendages for the Habsburgs. In 1526, following the , and the part of not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule. In late September 1529 Suleiman the Magnificent launched the first , which unsuccessfully ended, according to Ottoman historians, with the snowfalls of an early beginning winter. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the , the , and the dissolution of the. During the long reign of 1657—1705 and following the successful in 1683 under the command of the King of Poland, , a resulted in bringing most of Hungary to Austrian control by the in 1699. Charles was willing to offer concrete advantages in territory and authority in exchange for recognition of the that made his daughter his heir. With the rise of , the began in Germany. Austria participated, together with Prussia and Russia, in the first and the third of the three in 1772 and 1795. Austria later became engaged in a war with , at the beginning highly unsuccessfully, with successive defeats at the hands of Napoleon, meaning the end of the old Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Two years earlier, the was founded. From 1792 to 1801, the Austrians had suffered 754,700 casualties. In 1814, Austria was part of the Allied forces that invaded France and brought to an end the. It emerged from the in 1815 as one of the continent's four dominant powers and a recognised. The same year, the Deutscher Bund was founded under the presidency of Austria. Because of unsolved social, political, and national conflicts, the German lands were shaken by the aiming to create a unified Germany. The various different possibilities for a united Germany were: a , or a or just the German Confederation without Austria at all. As Austria was not willing to relinquish its German-speaking territories to what would become the , the crown of the newly formed empire was offered to the Prussian King. In 1864, Austria and Prussia fought together against and secured the independence from Denmark of the duchies of and. As they could not agree on how the two duchies should be administered, though, they fought the in 1866. Defeated by Prussia in the , Austria had to leave the German Confederation and subsequently no longer took part in German politics. The , the Ausgleich, provided for a dual sovereignty, the and the , under. The Austrian-Hungarian rule of this diverse empire included various groups, including Croats, Czechs, Poles, , Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Ukrainians, as well as large Italian and Romanian communities. An ethno-linguistic map of Austria—Hungary, 1910 As a result, ruling Austria—Hungary became increasingly difficult in an age of emerging nationalist movements, requiring considerable reliance on an expanded secret police. Yet, the government of Austria tried its best to be accommodating in some respects: The Reichsgesetzblatt, publishing the laws and ordinances of , was issued in eight languages; all national groups were entitled to schools in their own language and to the use of their mother tongue at state offices, for example. Some Austrians such as also used pan-Germanism as a form of populism to further their own political goals. Although Bismarck's policies excluded Austria and the German Austrians from Germany, many Austrian pan-Germans idolized him and wore blue cornflowers, known to be the favourite flower of German Emperor , in their buttonholes, along with cockades in the German national colours black, red, and yellow , although they were both temporarily banned in Austrian schools, as a way to show discontent towards the multi-ethnic empire. Many Austrians, especially those involved with the pan-German movements, desired for the reinforcement of an ethnic German identity and hoped that the empire would collapse which would subsequently allow an. A lot of Austrian pan-German nationalists protested passionately against minister-president 's language decree of 1897, which made German and Czech co-official languages in Bohemia and required new government officials to be fluent in both languages. This meant in practice that the civil service would almost exclusively hire Czechs, because most middle-class Czechs spoke the German language, but not the other way around. The of in in 1914 by Bosnian Serb was used by leading Austrian politicians and generals to persuade the emperor to declare war on Serbia, thereby risking and prompting the outbreak of World War I, but it was not the only cause of the war. Over one million Austro-Hungarian soldiers died in World War I. On 21 October 1918, the elected German members of the Reichsrat parliament of Imperial Austria met in Vienna as the Provisional National Assembly for German Austria Provisorische Nationalversammlung für Deutschösterreich. On 30 October the assembly founded the by appointing a government, called Staatsrat. This new government was invited by the Emperor to take part in the decision on the planned armistice with Italy, but refrained from this business. On 11 November, the emperor, advised by ministers of the old and the new governments, declared he would not take part in state business any more; on 12 November, German Austria, by law, declared itself to be a democratic republic and part of the new German republic. The constitution, renaming the Staatsrat as Bundesregierung federal government and Nationalversammlung as Nationalrat national council was passed on 10 November 1920. The German-speaking parts of Austria which had been part of Austria-Hungary were reduced to a rump state named The German: Republik Deutschösterreich. The desire for annexation of Austria to Germany was a popular opinion shared by all social circles in both Austria and Germany. On 12 November, German-Austria was declared a republic, and named Social Democrat as provisional chancellor. The Treaty of Saint Germain and the explicitly forbid union between Austria and Germany. Over 3 million German-speaking Austrians found themselves living outside the new Austrian Republic as minorities in the newly formed or enlarged states of , , , and Italy. These included the provinces of which became part of Italy and Czechoslovakia. The status of German Bohemia Sudetenland later played a role in sparking the Second World War. The status of South Tyrol was a lingering problem between Austria and Italy until it was officially settled by the 1980s with a great degree of autonomy being granted to it by the Italian national government. Between 1918 and 1919, Austria was known as the State of Staat Deutschösterreich. Not only did the forbid German Austria to unite with Germany, but they also rejected the name German Austria in the peace treaty to be signed; it was, therefore, changed to Republic of Austria in late 1919. The border between Austria and the later Yugoslavia was settled with the in October 1920 and allocated the major part of the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Crownland of Carinthia to Austria. This set the border on the mountain range, with many Slovenes remaining in Austria. Interwar period and World War II See also: , , , , and After the war, inflation began to devalue the Krone, which was still Austria's currency. In autumn 1922, Austria was granted an international loan supervised by the. The purpose of the loan was to avert bankruptcy, stabilise the currency, and improve Austria's general economic condition. The loan meant that Austria passed from an independent state to the control exercised by the League of Nations. In 1925, the was introduced, replacing the Krone at a rate of 10,000:1. The lasted until 1933, when Chancellor , using what he called , established an autocratic regime tending towards. The two big parties at this time, the Social Democrats and the Conservatives, had paramilitary armies; the Social Democrats' was now declared illegal, but was still operative as broke out. In February 1934, several members of the Schutzbund were executed, the Social Democratic party was outlawed, and many of its members were imprisoned or emigrated. He announced a referendum on 9 March 1938, to be held on 13 March, concerning Austria's independence from Germany. On 12 March 1938, Austrian Nazis took over government, while German troops occupied the country, which prevented Schuschnigg's referendum from taking place. On 13 March 1938, the of Austria was officially declared. He established a plebiscite confirming the union with Germany in April 1938. Parliamentary elections were held in Germany including recently annexed Austria on 10 April 1938. They were the final elections to the Reichstag during Nazi rule, and took the form of a single-question referendum asking whether voters approved of a single Nazi-party list for the 813-member Reichstag, as well as the recent annexation of Austria the Anschluss. Jews and Gypsies were not allowed to vote. Turnout in the election was officially 99. In the case of Austria, Adolf Hitler's native soil, 99. Although most Austrians favoured the Anschluss, in certain parts of Austria the German soldiers were not always welcomed with flowers and joy, especially in Vienna which had Austria's largest Jewish population. Nevertheless, despite the propaganda and the manipulation and rigging which surrounded the ballot box result, there was massive genuine support for Hitler for fulfilling the Anschluss, since many Germans from both Austria and Germany saw it as completing the long overdue German unification of all Germans united into one-state. The liberation of , 1945 On 12 March 1938, Austria was annexed to the and ceased to exist as an independent country. Though Austrians made up only 8% of the population of the Third Reich, some of the most prominent Nazis were native Austrians, including , , , , and , as were over 13% of the and 40% of the staff at the Nazi. Vienna fell on 13 April 1945, during the , just before the total collapse of the Third Reich. However, it never materialised because of the rapid collapse of the Reich. The date is officially named the birthday of the second republic. At the end of April, most of western and southern Austria were still under Nazi rule. On 1 May 1945, the federal constitution of 1929, which had been terminated by dictator Dollfuss on 1 May 1934, was declared valid again. Total from 1939 to 1945 are estimated at 260,000. Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 65,000. About 140,000 Jewish Austrians had fled the country in 1938—39. Thousands of Austrians had taken part in serious Nazi crimes hundreds of thousands died in alone , a fact officially recognised by Chancellor in 1992. Contemporary era The is one of the four major office sites worldwide. Much like Germany, Austria was into American, British, French, and Soviet zones and governed by the. As forecast in the in 1943, a subtle difference was seen in the treatment of Austria by the Allies. The Austrian government, consisting of Social Democrats, Conservatives, and Communists until 1947 , and residing in Vienna, which was surrounded by the Soviet zone, was recognised by the in October 1945 after some doubts that Renner could be Stalin's puppet. Thus, the creation of a separate Western Austrian government and the division of the country was avoidable. Austria, in general, was treated as though it had been originally invaded by Germany and liberated by the Allies. On 15 May 1955, after talks which lasted for years and were influenced by the , Austria regained full independence by concluding the with the Four Occupying Powers. Austria joined the European Union in 1995 and signed the in 2007. The political system of the is based on the constitution of 1920 and 1929, which was reintroduced in 1945. The system came to be characterised by , meaning that most posts of political importance were split evenly between members of the SPÖ and the ÖVP. Since 1945, governing via a single-party government has occurred twice: 1966—1970 ÖVP and 1970—1983 SPÖ. Following a , at which consent reached a majority of two-thirds, the country became a member of the on 1 January 1995. The major parties SPÖ and ÖVP have contrary opinions about the future status of Austria's military nonalignment: While the SPÖ in public supports a neutral role, the ÖVP argues for stronger integration into the EU's security policy; even a future NATO membership is not ruled out by some ÖVP politicians ex. Dr Werner Fasslabend OVP in 1997. Since joined the in 2011, none of Austria's neighbouring countries performs border controls towards it anymore. The Leopoldine Wing of in , home to the offices of the. The is located in , the country's largest city and capital. Austria became a , through the of 1920. The political system of the Second Republic with its is based on the constitution of 1920, amended in 1929, which was reenacted on 1 May 1945. The is the Bundespräsident , who is directly elected by popular vote. The chairman of the is the , who is appointed by the President. The government can be removed from office by either a presidential decree or by in the lower chamber of parliament, the. Voting for the Federal President and for the Parliament used to be compulsory in Austria, but this was abolished in steps from 1982 to 2004. The Parliament of Austria consists of two chambers. The composition of the Nationalrat 183 seats is determined every five years or whenever the Nationalrat has been dissolved by the federal president on a motion by the federal chancellor, or by Nationalrat itself by a general election in which every citizen over 16 years since 2007 has. While there is a general threshold of 4% for all parties at federal elections Nationalratswahlen , there remains the possibility to gain a direct seat, or Direktmandat, in one of the 43 regional election districts. The Nationalrat is the dominant chamber in the formation of legislation in Austria. However, the upper house of parliament, the , has a limited right of veto the Nationalrat can—in almost all cases—ultimately pass the respective bill by voting a second time. This is referred to as ' Beharrungsbeschluss, lit. With legislative and executive, the courts are the third column of Austrian state powers. Notably the Constitutional Court Verfassungsgerichtshof may exert considerable influence on the political system by ruling out laws and ordinances not in compliance with the constitution. Since 1995, the may overrule Austrian decisions in all matters defined in laws of the European Union. Austria also implements the decisions of the , since the is part of the Austrian constitution. Since 2006 Federal Chancellery on Ballhausplatz. After general elections held in October 2006, the SPÖ emerged as the strongest party, and the ÖVP came in second, having lost about 8% of its previous polling. Political realities prohibited any of the two major parties from forming a coalition with smaller parties. In January 2007 the People's Party and SPÖ formed a grand coalition with the social democrat as Chancellor. This coalition broke up in June 2008. Elections in September 2008 further weakened both major parties SPÖ and ÖVP but together they still held 70% of the votes, with the Social Democrats holding slightly more than the other party. They formed a coalition with from the Social Democrats as Chancellor. The Green Party came in third with 11% of the vote. The FPÖ and the deceased 's new party , both on the political right, were strengthened during the election but taken together received less than 20% of the vote. In the , the Social Democratic Party received 27% of the vote and 52 seats; People's Party 24% and 47 seats, thus controlling together the majority of the seats. The Freedom Party received 40 seats and 21% of the votes, while the Greens received 12% and 24 seats. Two new parties, Stronach and the NEOS, received less than 10% of the vote, and 11 and nine seats respectively. After the Grand Coalition broke in Spring 2017 a snap election was proclaimed for. The Austrian People's Party ÖVP with its new young leader Sebastian Kurz emerged as the largest party in the National Council, winning 31. The Social Democratic Party SPÖ finished second with 52 seats and 26. NEOS finished fourth with 10 seats 5. The ÖVP has decided to form a coalation with the FPÖ, the new government between the center-right wing and the right-wing populist party under the new chancellor Sebastian Kurz was sworn in on 18 December. Foreign relations The : Austria is one of the 28 EU members. The 1955 ended the occupation of Austria following World War II and recognised Austria as an independent and sovereign state. Since then, Austria has shaped its foreign policy on the basis of neutrality, but rather different from the neutrality of Switzerland. Austria began to reassess its definition of neutrality following the fall of the , granting overflight rights for the UN-sanctioned action against in 1991, and since 1995, it has developed participation in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy. Also in 1995, it joined 's and subsequently participated in peacekeeping missions in Bosnia. Meanwhile, the only part of the Constitutional Law on Neutrality of 1955 still fully valid is not to allow foreign military bases in Austria. As an OSCE-participating State, Austria's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the. Military Main article: The manpower of the Austrian Armed Forces German: Bundesheer mainly relies on. Since 1998, women volunteers have been allowed to become professional soldiers. The main sectors of the Bundesheer are Joint Forces Streitkräfteführungskommando, SKFüKdo which consist of Land Forces Landstreitkräfte , Air Forces Luftstreitkräfte , International Missions Internationale Einsätze and Special Forces Spezialeinsatzkräfte , next to Joint Mission Support Command Kommando Einsatzunterstützung; KdoEU and Joint Command Support Centre Führungsunterstützungszentrum; FüUZ. Austria is a and has no navy. Branches of the Austrian Armed Forces In 2012, Austria's defence expenditures corresponded to approximately 0. The Army currently has about 26,000 soldiers, of whom about 12,000 are conscripts. As head of state, is nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the Bundesheer. Command of the Austrian Armed Forces is exercised by the Minister of Defence, as of March 2018 :. Some politicians have called for a prolongation of this mission, but the legality of this is heavily disputed. In accordance with the Austrian constitution, armed forces may only be deployed in a limited number of cases, mainly to defend the country and aid in cases of national emergency, such as in the wake of. They may generally not be used as auxiliary police forces. Within its , Austria has a long and proud tradition of engaging in UN-led peacekeeping and other humanitarian missions. The AFDRU , in particular, an all-volunteer unit with close ties to civilian specialists e. Currently, larger contingents of Austrian forces are deployed in and. Administrative divisions Main article: As a , Austria is divided into German: Bundesländer. These states are then divided into and statutory cities. Districts are subdivided into municipalities Gemeinden. Statutory Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities. The states are not mere administrative divisions but have some legislative authority distinct from the federal government, e. In recent years, it has been discussed whether today it is appropriate for a small country to maintain ten parliaments. Capital Area Population 1 January. Relevant discussion may be found on. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are. May 2018 The Ministry in charge of the Austrian corrections system is the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry of Justice is based out of the UK and is supported through multiple European countries. The head of the prison administration falls under the title of Director General. The current Director General is Christian Schnattler. The total prison population rate as of July 2017 is 8,290 people, and that does not include an additional 719 people in psychiatric care and home arrest. The prison population rate per 100,000 of national population is 94. The prison population rate has been fairly steady since 2010. The population percentages of the prison system is broken down into 4 categories with the percentages being from July 2017. The categories are pre-trial detainees, female prisoners, juvenile prisoners, and foreign prisoners. Pre-trial detainees make up 23. The Austrian corrections system consists of 27 institutions, with an official capacity of 8,738 people. As reported in July 2017 they are currently at 94. Since 2000 the population has risen over 2,000 and has stayed pretty well stabilized at over 8,000. Main article: Austria is a largely mountainous country due to its location in the. The , and are all partly in Austria. Of the total area of Austria 84,000 km 2 or 32,433 sq mi , only about a quarter can be considered low lying, and only 32% of the country is below 500 metres 1,640 ft. The Alps of western Austria give way somewhat into low lands and plains in the eastern part of the country. Austria lies between latitudes and , and longitudes and. It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the , which constitute 62% of the nation's total area. The Austrian foothills at the base of the Alps and the account for around 12% and the foothills in the east and areas surrounding the periphery of the Pannoni low country amount to about 12% of the total landmass. The second greater mountain area much lower than the Alps is situated in the north. Known as the Austrian , it is located in the central area of the Bohemian Mass and accounts for 10% of Austria. The Austrian portion of the comprises the remaining 4%. A topographic map of Austria showing cities with over 100,000 inhabitants. According to the , the territory of Austria can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, Alps conifer and mixed forests and Western European broadleaf forests. With nearly three-quarters of the country dominated by the Alps, the is predominant. In the east—in the and along the —the climate shows continental features with less rain than the alpine areas. According to the Austria has the following climate types: , , , and. It is important to note though that Austria may experience very cold, severe winters, but most of the time they are only around as cold as those in somewhat comparable climate zones, for example Southern Scandinavia or Eastern Europe. The subarctic and tundra climates seen around the Alps are much warmer in winter than what is normal elsewhere due in part to the Oceanic influence on this part of Europe. Climate data for Lech, Vorarlberg 1440 m; average temperatures 1982 — 2012 Dfc, bordering on Dfb. Climate data for Kühtai, Tyrol 2060 m; average temperatures 1982 — 2012 ET, somewhat close to Dfc. Modern , with the and the. Austria consistently ranks high in terms of , due to its highly industrialized economy, and well-developed. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised; in recent years, however, has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Next to a highly developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the national economy. Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the. Since Austria became a member state of the , it has gained closer ties to other EU economies, reducing its economic dependence on Germany. In addition, membership of the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to the aspiring economies of the European Union. Growth in GDP reached 3. At least 67% of Austria's imports come from other European Union member states. Austria is part of a monetary union, the dark blue , and of the. Austria indicated on 16 November 2010 that it would withhold the December installment of its contribution to the EU bailout of Greece, citing the material worsening of the Greek debt situation and the apparent inability of Greece to collect the level of tax receipts it had previously promised. The dented the economy of Austria in other ways as well. As of February 2014, the HGAA situation was unresolved, causing Chancellor to warn that its failure would be comparable to the 1931 event. Since the fall of communism, Austrian companies have been quite active players and consolidators in Eastern Europe. Between 1995 and 2010, 4,868 with a total known value of 163 bil. EUR with the involvement of Austrian firms have been announced. The largest transactions with involvement of Austrian companies have been: the acquisition of by for 7. Tourism accounts for almost 9% of the Austrian gross domestic product. In 2007, Austria ranked 9th worldwide in international tourism receipts, with 18. In , Austria ranked 12th with 20. Infrastructure Main articles: , , and In 1972, the country began construction of a electricity-generation station at on the River , following a unanimous vote in parliament. However, in 1978, a voted approximately 50. Austria currently produces more than half of its electricity by. Together with other sources such as , and powerplants, the electricity supply from renewable energy amounts to 62. The population of the capital, , exceeds 1. It is known for its cultural offerings and high standard of living. Vienna is by far the country's largest city. All other cities have fewer than 100,000 inhabitants. According to , in 2010 there were 1. Of these, 764,000 9. Statistik Austria estimated in 2011 that 81% or 6. There are more than 415,000 descendants of foreign-born immigrants residing in Austria, the great majority of whom have been naturalised. While 2,000 Turks left Austria in the same year, 10,000 immigrated to the country, confirming a strong trend of growth. Together, , , and make up about 5. The TFR in 2013 was estimated at 1. The in 2016 was estimated at 81. Foreign-born population — top 15 countries: Main article: is Austria's official language and used in education, publications, announcements and websites. It is mostly identical to the German used in Germany but with some vocabulary differences. The German language is standardised between countries of German mother tongue, i. The German dialect speaking population in Alsace-Lorraine in France has no minority rights. Many local dialects are spoken in Austria, and though their base is Austrian German, their corresponding speakers have certain degrees of difficulty when trying to understand each other. According to the 2001 census, Austrian German is spoken natively by 88. The national and regional standard varieties of the German language The Austrian federal states of and are home to a significant indigenous while in the easternmost state, formerly part of the Hungarian portion of , there are significant - and -speaking minorities. Of the remaining number of Austria's people that are of non-Austrian descent, many come from surrounding countries, especially from the former nations. Gastarbeiter and their descendants, as well as refugees from the and other conflicts, also form an important in Austria. Since 1994 the — gypsies have been an officially recognised ethnic minority in Austria. According to census information published by for 2001 there were a total of 710,926 foreign nationals living in Austria. Of these, the largest by far are 283,334 foreign nationals from the of whom 135,336 speak Serbian; 105,487 Croatian; 31,591 Bosnian — i. The second largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the including minority of with a number of 200,000 to 300,000 who currently live in Austria. The Turks and the Kurds are the largest single immigrant group in Austria, closely followed by the. The next largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the 124,392 who speak German as their even though they hail from outside of Austria mainly immigrants from Germany, some from Switzerland, in Italy, , or the ; 123,417 English; 24,446 Albanian; 17,899 Polish; 14,699 Hungarian; 12,216 Romanian; 10,000 Malayali; 7,982 Arabic; 6,891 Slovak; 6,707 Czech; 5,916 Persian; 5,677 Italian; 5,466 Russian; 5,213 French; 4,938 Chinese; 4,264 Spanish; 3,503 Bulgarian. The numbers for other languages fall off sharply below 3,000. In 2006, some of the Austrian states introduced standardised tests for new citizens, to assure their language ability, cultural knowledge and accordingly their ability to integrate into the Austrian society. For the national rules, see. Ethnic groups Bilingual sign of in Hungarian Felsőőr in. Historically were regarded as ethnic and viewed themselves as such, although this national identity was challenged by in the decades after the end of World War I and even more so after World War II. Austria was part of the until its ending in 1806 and had been part of the , a loose association of 39 separate German-speaking countries, until the in 1866, which resulted in the exclusion of Austria from the German Confederation and the creation of the led by Prussia. In 1871, Germany was , Austria. A unification of the two countries was forbidden by the as one of the conditions imposed by the victorious upon the vanquished nation, to prevent the creation of a territorially extensive German state. However, a minority of Austrians still consider themselves to be Germans and advocate for a , arguing that the historic boundaries of the German people goes beyond the boundaries of modern-day countries, especially Austria and Germany. Austrians may be described either as a or as a homogeneous , that is closely related to neighboring , and. Historically, Serbian immigrants moved to Austria during the time of the , when was under Imperial control. Following the number of Serbs expanded again, and today the community is very large. The Austrian Serbian Society was founded in 1936. Today, Serbs in Austria are mainly found in , , and. An estimated 13,000 to 40,000 in the Austrian state of the as well as around 30,000 and in Burgenland were recognised as a minority and have had special rights following the Austrian State Treaty Staatsvertrag of 1955. The Slovenes in the Austrian state of estimated at a number between 1,600 and 5,000 are not recognised as a minority and do not have special rights, although some believe the State Treaty of 27 July 1955 states otherwise. The recently deceased governor, , has made this fact a matter of public argument in autumn 2005 by refusing to increase the number of bilingual topographic signs in Carinthia. A poll by the Kärntner Humaninstitut conducted in January 2006 states that 65% of Carinthians are not in favour of an increase of bilingual topographic signs, since the original requirements set by the State Treaty of 1955 have already been fulfilled according to their point of view. The term Windische was applied to the latter group as a means of distinction. Religion or other 25. Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for 2017 from the Austrian Roman Catholic Church list 5,112,330 members, or 57. Sunday was 605,828 or 7% of the total Austrian population in 2015. The Lutheran church also recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016. The 2001 census report indicated that about 12% of the population declared that they have ; according to ecclesiastical information this share had grown to 20% by 2015. Of the remaining people, around 340,000 were registered as members of various Muslim communities in 2001, mainly due to the influx from , and. The number of Muslims has doubled in 15 years to 700,000 in 2016. About 180,000 are members of mostly , about 21,000 people are active and about 8,100 are. Education is the oldest Austrian school Education in Austria is entrusted partly to the Bundesländer and partly to the federal government. School attendance is for nine years, i. Maximum class size is around 30, each class normally being cared for by one qualified teacher and one assistant. Primary education, or , lasts for four years, starting at age six. The maximum class size is 30, but may be as low as 15. It is generally expected that a class will be taught by one teacher for the entire four years and the stable bond between teacher and pupil is considered important for a child's well-being. The Reading, wRiting and aRithmetic dominate lesson time, with less time allotted to project work than in the UK. Children work individually and all members of a class follow the same plan of work. Standard attendance times are 8 am to 12 pm or 1 pm, with hourly five- or ten-minute breaks. Children are given homework daily from the first year. Historically there has been no lunch hour, with children returning home to eat. However, due to a rise in the number of mothers in work, primary schools are increasingly offering pre-lesson and afternoon care. As in Germany, secondary education consists of two main types of schools, attendance at which is based on a pupil's ability as determined by grades from the primary school. The caters for the more able children, in the final year of which the examination is taken, which is a requirement for access to university. Attendance at one of these further education institutes also leads to the. Some schools aim to combine the education available at the Gymnasium and the Hauptschule, and are known as. In addition, a recognition of the importance of learning English has led some Gymnasiums to offer a bilingual stream, in which pupils deemed able in languages follow a modified curriculum, a portion of the lesson time being conducted in English. The campus of the As at primary school, lessons at Gymnasium begin at 8 am and continue with short intervals until lunchtime or early afternoon, with children returning home to a late lunch. Older pupils often attend further lessons after a break for lunch, generally eaten at school. As at primary level, all pupils follow the same plan of work. Great emphasis is placed on homework and frequent testing. It is not uncommon for a pupil to re-sit more than one year of school. Whilst many schools offer both strands, some do not, and as a result, some children move schools for a second time at age 12. At age 14, pupils may choose to remain in one of these two strands, or to change to a vocational course, possibly with a further change of school. The Austrian university system had been open to any student who passed the examination until recently. A 2006 bill allowed the introduction of entrance exams for studies such as Medicine. There are some non-state exceptions to this, where students can still study for a subsidized education, for example within the campus system of the. Since 2008, for all EU students the studies have been free of charge, as long as a certain time-limit is not exceeded the expected duration of the study plus usually two terms tolerance. Some further exceptions to the fee apply, e. Austria was the birthplace of many such as , , , , , and as well as members of the such as , and. World-famous Vienna was for a long time an important centre of musical innovation. During the , Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music. Vienna's status began its rise as a cultural centre in the early 16th century, and was focused around instruments, including the. Austria's current , attributed to Mozart, was chosen after to replace the traditional Austrian anthem by Joseph Haydn. Austrian was principal conductor of the for 35 years. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, and he was a dominant figure in European classical music from the 1960s until his death. International pop super star Johann Hölzel, also known by his stage name was born in , Austria 19 February 1957. Art and architecture The , an example of architecture Among Austrian Artists and architects one can find the painters , , , , , , , and , the photographers and , and architects like , , , and recipient of the 1985. Contemporary artist Herbert Brandl. Cinema and theatre was an Austrian pioneer of filmmaking. The first Austrian film director to receive an was. A number of Austrian actors were able to pursue a career, the impact of which was sensed beyond national borders. Among them were , , , , , and. The latter also became the 38th Governor of California. Science and philosophy Further information: , , and Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputation. Among them are , , and , prominent scientists in the 19th century. In the 20th century, contributions by , and to nuclear research and were key to these areas' development during the 1920s and 1930s. A present-day is , noted as the first scientist to demonstrate. In addition to , Austria was the birthplace of two of the most noteworthy philosophers of the 20th century, and. In addition to them, biologists and as well as mathematician and engineers such as and were Austrians. A focus of Austrian science has always been medicine and psychology, starting in with. Eminent physicians like , , and have built upon the achievements of the 19th-century Vienna School of Medicine. Austria was home to , founder of , , founder of , psychologists and , and psychiatrist. The of Economics, which is prominent as one of the main competitive directions for economic theory, is related to Austrian economists , , , , and. Other noteworthy Austrian-born émigrés include the management thinker , sociologist and scientist. Literature See also: and Complementing its status as a land of artists and scientists, Austria has always been a country of poets, writers, and novelists. It was the home of novelists , , , and , of poets , , , , , and children's author. Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are winner , and. Food and beverages Main article: Austria's cuisine is derived from that of the. It is famous for its well-balanced variations of beef and pork and countless variations of vegetables. In addition to native regional traditions, the cuisine has been influenced by , Bohemia , , Italian, and French cuisine, from which both dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed. The Austrian cuisine is therefore one of the most multicultural and transcultural in Europe. Typical Austrian dishes include , Schweinsbraten, , , and. There are also Kärntner Kasnudeln, which are pockets of dough filled with Topfen, potatoes, herbs and peppermint which are boiled and served with a butter sauce. Kasnudeln are traditionally served with a salad. The sugar block dispenser was invented in Austria, as well as. Austria is also famous for its and its coffee tradition. With over 8 kg per year it has the sixth highest per capita coffee consumption worldwide. Beer is sold in 0. At festivals one litre Maß and two litre Doppelmaß in the style are also dispensed. The most popular types of beer are known as Märzen in Austria , naturally cloudy Zwicklbier and. At holidays like Christmas and Easter beer is also available. The most important wine-producing areas are in , , and Vienna. The grape provides some of Austria's most notable white wines and is the most widely planted red wine grape. In , Lower Austria, Styria and , Most, a type of or is widely produced. The produce of small private schnapps , of which there are around 20,000 in Austria, is known as Selbstgebrannter or Hausbrand. Local soft drinks such as are very popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages. Similar sports such as or are also widely popular. The in 2012 were held in Innsbruck as well. Ski racer won a gold medal at the in A popular in Austria is , which is governed by the. Austria was among the most successful football playing nations on the European continent placing 4th at the , 3rd at the and 7th at the. However, recently Austrian football has not been internationally successful. It also co-hosted the with Switzerland. The national Austrian football league is the , which includes teams such as record-champions , , and. Besides football, Austria also has professional national leagues for most major team sports, including the for , and the for basketball. Horseback riding is also popular; the famed is located in Vienna. He is currently the only driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors. Other known Austrian F1 drivers are for example and. Austria also hosts F1 races ; now held at , in the past also at and. He won the and in 1996 he was ranked in the. 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The Austrians: a thousand-year odyssey. Modern Austria: empire and republic 1815—1986. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Introducing Austria: a short history. The Paradoxical Republic: Austria, 1945—2005 Berghahn Books; 2010, 301 pages. Translation of 2005 study of paradoxical aspects of Austria's political culture and society. States, nations, and nationalism: from the Middle Ages to the present. Choose from 5 languages.
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