Singlebörse Wels-Land Singletreff
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Singlebörse Wels-Land Singletreff - There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was invaded by , , and.
This article is about the country. For other uses, see. England is a that is of the. It shares land borders with to the north and to the west. The lies northwest of England and the lies to the southwest. England is separated from by the to the east and the to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of , which lies in the , and includes , such as the and the. The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the period, but takes its name from the , a tribe deriving its name from the peninsula, who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century, and since the , which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the , and — the basis for the legal systems of many other countries around the world — developed in England, and the country's of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's terrain is chiefly low hills and , especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north for example, the mountainous , and the and in the west for example, and the. The capital is London, which has the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the. England's population of over 55 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, largely concentrated around London, the , and conurbations in the , the , the , and , which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. The — which after 1535 included Wales — ceased being a separate on 1 May 1707, when the put into effect the terms agreed in the the previous year, resulting in a political union with the to create the. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the through another to become the. In 1922 the seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Angles were one of the that settled in Great Britain during the. The Angles came from the peninsula in the area present-day German state of of the. According to the , its modern spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by , , in which the word Anglii is used. The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as the , came to be used for the entire country and its people is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Angli Saxones or English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons Eald-Seaxe of Old Saxony between Weser and Eider rivers in Northern Germany. An alternative name for England is. The name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to but to , i. The word Albion Ἀλβίων or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a more poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is , related to the word for England, Lloegr, and made popular by its use in. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago. Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years. After the last only large mammals such as , and remained. Roughly 11,000 years ago, when the began to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of the. The sea level was lower than now and Britain was connected by to Ireland and. As the seas rose, it was separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later. The arrived around 2,500 BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores. It was during this time that major monuments such as and were constructed. By heating together tin and copper, which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people made , and later iron from iron ores. The development of iron allowed the construction of better , advancing agriculture for instance, with , as well as the production of more effective weapons. Society was tribal; according to 's there were around 20 tribes in the area. Earlier divisions are unknown because the Britons were not literate. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of the attempted to in 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up a from the. The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of Emperor , subsequently , and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as. The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were the led by. Later, an uprising led by , Queen of the , ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at the. This era saw a culture prevail with the introduction of , , , , many agricultural items and silk. In the 3rd century, Emperor died at now , where was subsequently proclaimed emperor. There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, probably much earlier. According to , missionaries were sent from Rome by at the request of the chieftain in 180 AD, to settle differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials, which were disturbing the church. There are traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction through , while others claim through. By 410, during the , Britain was left exposed by the and the withdrawal of Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars. Celtic Christian monastic and missionary movements flourished: 5th-century Ireland and in the 6th century Brendan Clonfert , Comgall Bangor , David Wales , Aiden Lindisfarne and Columba Iona. This period of Christianity was influenced by ancient Celtic culture in its sensibilities, polity, practices and theology. Replica of the 7th-century ceremonial from the withdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe, chiefly the Saxons, , and Frisians who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province and began to settle, initially in the eastern part of the country. Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at the , but subsequently resumed, over-running the fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area under control to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as a. The nature and progression of the is consequently subject to considerable disagreement. Roman-dominated Christianity had, in general, disappeared from the conquered territories, but was reintroduced by missionaries from Rome led by from 597 onwards. Disputes between the Roman- and Celtic-dominated forms of Christianity ended in victory for the Roman tradition at the 664 , which was ostensibly about haircuts and the date of Easter, but more significantly, about the differences in Roman and Celtic forms of authority, theology, and practice Lehane. During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms including , , , , , and. Over the following centuries, this process of political consolidation continued. The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence. In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by the culminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex under was left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his successors, it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of the. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished under in 927 and definitively established after further conflicts by in 953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom by in 1013 and again by his son in 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-lived that also included and. However, the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession of in 1042. The themselves originated from and had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries. This conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language. Subsequently, the from Anjou inherited the English throne under , adding England to the budding of fiefs the family had inherited in France including. They reigned for three centuries, some noted monarchs being , , and. The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing of the , an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholic flourished, providing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. The became a Plantagenet fief during the 13th century and the was given to the English monarchy by the Pope. During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and the both claimed to be legitimate claimants to the and with it France; the two powers clashed in the. The epidemic ; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England's. From 1453 to 1487 civil war occurred between two branches of the royal family — the and — known as the. Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family the , a branch of the Lancastrians headed by who invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at the where the Yorkist king was killed. Early Modern became During the , the reached England through Italian courtiers, who reintroduced artistic, educational and scholarly debate from classical antiquity. England began to develop , and exploration to the West intensified. In contrast with much of European Protestantism, the were more political than theological. He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters, and. The former took the country back to Catholicism while the latter broke from it again, forcefully asserting the supremacy of. Competing with , the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorer in and named. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony after it was found abandoned on the return of the late-arriving supply ship. With the , England also competed with the and in the East. During the , England was at war with Spain. An sailed from Spain in 1588 as part of a wider plan to invade England and re-establish a Catholic monarchy. The plan was thwarted by bad coordination, stormy weather and successful harrying attacks by an English fleet under. This failure did not end the threat: Spain launched two further armadas, in and , but both were driven back by storms. The political structure of the island changed in 1603, when the , , a kingdom which had been a long-time rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as , thereby creating a. He styled himself , although this had no basis in English law. Under the auspices of King James VI and I the Authorised of the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It has not only been ranked with 's works as the greatest masterpiece of literature in the English language but also was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century. The restored the monarchy under King and peace after the Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, the was fought between the supporters of and those of King , known colloquially as and respectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifaceted , involving and. The Parliamentarians were victorious, Charles I was executed and the kingdom replaced by the. Leader of the Parliament forces, declared himself in 1653; a period of followed. After Cromwell's death and the resignation of his son as Lord Protector, was invited to return as monarch in 1660, in a move called the. After the of 1688, it was constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with the in 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament. Also since that time, no British monarch has entered the when it is sitting, which is annually commemorated at the by the British monarch when the doors of the House of Commons are slammed in the face of the monarch's messenger, symbolising the rights of Parliament and its independence from the monarch. With the founding of the in 1660, science was greatly encouraged. In 1666 the gutted the City of London but it was rebuilt shortly afterwards with many significant buildings designed by Sir. In Parliament two factions had emerged — the and. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic king , some of them, along with the Whigs, during the invited Dutch prince William of Orange to defeat James and ultimately to become. Some English people, especially in the north, were and continued to support James and his sons. After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed, the two countries joined in , to create the in 1707. To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate. Late Modern and contemporary , West Yorkshire, is a model mill town from the , and a Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and other combined with the to create innovations in science and engineering, while the enormous growth in protected by the paved the way for the establishment of the. Domestically it drove the , a period of profound change in the and cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development. The opening of Northwest England's in 1761 ushered in the. In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway — the — opened to the public. England maintained relative stability throughout the ; was British Prime Minister for the reign of. During the , planned to. However this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British at sea by and on land by the. The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept of and a united national , shared with the and Welsh. Political agitation at home from radicals such as the and the enabled legislative reform and. Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of the. Two decades later, in , the United Kingdom was again one of the. At the end of the , became the wartime Prime Minister. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids during. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapid , and there was a speeding up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport and 's development of the led to wider. Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of the NHS in 1948. The UK's NHS provided to all UK permanent residents free at the point of need, being paid for from general taxation. Combined, these changes prompted the reform of in the mid-20th century. Since the 20th century there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of the , but also from the , particularly the. Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on the. As part of the United Kingdom, the area joined a initiative called the which became the. Since the late 20th century the has moved towards in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism. There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected by referendum. The , the seat of the As part of the United Kingdom, the basic political system in England is a and. There has not been a since 1707, when the , putting into effect the terms of the , joined England and Scotland to form the. Before the union England was ruled by and the. Today England is governed directly by the , although other have governments. In the which is the of the British Parliament based at the , there are 532 Members of Parliament MPs for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total. In the , the won 317 seats the not being counted as a Conservative , more than any other party, though not enough to achieve an overall majority. The Conservative party, headed by the prime minister , won 55 more seats than the , led by. The Scotland only won 35 out of 59. Changing of the at the , As the United Kingdom is a member of the European Union, there are elections held regionally in England to decide who is sent as. The saw the regions of England elect the following MEPs: 22 UKIP , 17 Conservatives, 17 Labour, 3 , and one Liberal Democrat. Since , in which other countries of the United Kingdom — Scotland, Wales and — each have their own devolved parliament or assemblies for local issues, there has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that various would be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by the in a referendum, this has not been carried out. One major issue is the , in which MPs from Scotland and Wales are able to vote on legislation affecting only England, while English MPs have no equivalent right to legislate on devolved matters. This when placed in the context of England being the only country of the United Kingdom not to have free cancer treatment, prescriptions, residential care for the elderly and , has led to a steady rise in. Some have suggested the creation of a , while others have proposed simply limiting voting on legislation which only affects England to English MPs. The The legal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis of legal systems used in most countries and the United States except. Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of the continued, under the , as a separate legal system from the one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of — — to the facts before them. The is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of the , the for civil cases, and the for criminal cases. The is the highest court for criminal and civil cases in. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over the. A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions. Crime increased between 1981 and 1995 but fell by 42% in the period 1995—2006. The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it the in Western Europe at 147 per 100,000. Regions, counties, and districts The consist of up to four levels of controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes of. The highest tier of local government were the nine : , , , , , , , , and London. These were created in 1994 as , used by the UK government to deliver a wide range of policies and programmes regionally, but there are no elected bodies at this level, except in London, and in 2011 the regional government offices were abolished. The same boundaries remain in use for electing on a regional basis. After began to take place in other parts of the United Kingdom it was planned that referendums for the regions of England would take place for their own elected as a counterweight. However, when the proposal was rejected by the in the North East, further referendums were cancelled. The regional assemblies outside London were abolished in 2010, and their functions transferred to respective and a new system of. Below the regional level, all of England is divided into 48. These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference and have developed gradually since the , with some established as recently as 1974. Each has a and ; these posts are used to represent the locally. Outside and the , England is also divided into 83 ; these correspond to areas used for the purposes of local government and may consist of a single district or be divided into several. There are six based on the most heavily urbanised areas, which do not have county councils. In these areas the principal authorities are the councils of the subdivisions, the. Elsewhere, 27 have a and are divided into districts, each with a district council. They are typically, though not always, found in more rural areas. The remaining non-metropolitan counties are of a single district and usually correspond to large towns or sparsely populated counties; they are known as. Greater London has a different system for local government, with 32 , plus the covering a small area at the core governed by the. At the most localised level, much of England is divided into with ; in Greater London only one, , exists after they were until legislation in 2007. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom: by Scotland and by Wales. England is closer to the European continent than any other part of mainland Britain. It is separated from by a 21-mile 34 km sea gap, though the two countries are connected by the near. England also has shores on the , and Atlantic Ocean. The ports of London, , and lie on the tidal rivers , and respectively. At 220 miles 350 km , the is the longest river flowing through England. It empties into the and is notable for its a , which can reach 2 metres 6. However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is 215 miles 346 km in length. There are many ; the largest is , within the aptly named. Most of England's landscape consists of low hills and plains, with upland and mountainous terrain in the north and west of the country. The northern uplands include the , a chain of mountains dividing east and west, the Lake District mountains in Cumbria, and the , straddling the border between England and Scotland. The highest point in England, at 978 metres 3,209 ft , is in the Lake District. The are near Wales while and are two upland areas in the south-west of the country. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is often indicated by the. Their geological composition includes, among others, and , and also coal. There are landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of Yorkshire and. The Pennine landscape is high in upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain two , the and the. In the , Dartmoor and Exmoor of the Southwest Peninsula include upland moorland supported by granite, and enjoy a ; both are national parks. The are in the central and southern regions of the country, consisting of green rolling hills, including the , , and ; where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as the. This also includes relatively flat plains such as the , , and. Main article: England has a : it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 °C 32 °F in winter and not much higher than 32 °C 90 °F in summer. The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on the , while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October. Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, its northern and the warming of the sea by the. Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of the receive more rain than anywhere else in the country. Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was 38. Major conurbations See also: The is by far the largest urban area in England and one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered a and has a population larger than other countries in the United Kingdom besides England itself. Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in or the. There are which have been designated , while the wider United Kingdom has 66. While many cities in England are quite large, such as , , Manchester, , , , , , population size is not a prerequisite for city status. Traditionally the status was given to towns with , so there are smaller cities like , , , and. According to the , the ten largest, continuous built-up urban areas are: Rank Urban area Population Major localities 1 9,787,426 , divided into the and 32 including , , , 2 2,553,379 , , , , , , , 3 2,440,986 , , , , , 4 1,777,934 , , , , 5 864,122 , , , 6 855,569 , , , , , , 7 774,891 , , , , 8 729,977 , and , , 9 685,368 , , , 10 617,280 , , , The is the financial capital of United Kingdom England's economy is one of the largest in the world, with an average of £22,907. Usually regarded as a , it has adopted many principles, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure. The official currency in England is the , whose code is GBP. The economy of England is the largest part of the , which has the highest GDP per capita in the world. England is a leader in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly , the , and the manufacturing side of the. London, home to the , the United Kingdom's main and the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre, with 100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations being based there. London is the largest financial centre in Europe, and as of 2014 is the second largest in the world. Originally established as private banker to the government of England, since 1946 it has been a. The bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in , although not in other parts of the United Kingdom. The government has devolved responsibility to the bank's for managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates. England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a more oriented economy. Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated by , cars although many English are now foreign-owned, such as , , and , and petroleum from the English parts of along with , and alcoholic beverages. Most of the UK's £30 billion is primarily based in England. The global market opportunity for UK aerospace manufacturers over the next two decades is estimated at £3. It is also a principal subcontractor on the — the world's largest single defence project — for which it designs and manufactures a range of components including the aft fuselage, vertical and horizontal tail and wing tips and fuel system. It also manufactures the , the world's most successful jet training aircraft. Its engines power more than 30 types of commercial aircraft, and it has more 30,000 engines currently in service across both the civil and defence sectors. With a workforce of over 12,000 people, has the largest concentration of Rolls-Royce employees in the UK. Rolls-Royce also produces low-emission power systems for ships; makes critical equipment and safety systems for the nuclear industry and powers offshore platforms and major pipelines for the oil and gas industry. Much of the UK's space industry is centred on , based in and. The company builds the — the underlying structure onto which the payload and propulsion systems are built — for most of the 's spacecraft, as well as commercial satellites. The world leader in compact satellite systems, , is also part of Astrium. Agriculture is intensive and highly mechanised, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force. Two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the other to arable crops. Science and technology Sir is one of the most influential figures in the Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include Sir , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and. Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a was invented by , the first secretary of the , in 1668. As the birthplace of the , England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers include , best known for the creation of the , a series of famous , and numerous important bridges, hence revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering. The Father of Railways, , built the first public inter-city railway line in the world, the , which opened in 1830. With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of the steam engine, and invention of modern coinage, business partner of is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history. Newton developed the ideas of , , and , and his eponymously named. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, the , , the , the , , joint development of the , steam , the modern and many modern techniques and technologies used in. The is the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. There are many , and many other trunk roads, such as the , which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle much of this section is motorway and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is the , from through the up to the , a distance of 232 miles 373 km. Other major routes include: the from London to Leeds, the which encircles London, the which encircles Manchester, the from London to South Wales, the from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and the from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West. Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies include , and. The red in London have become a symbol of England. There is a network in two English cities: the ; and the in Newcastle, Gateshead and Sunderland. There are several tram networks, such as the , , and , and the system centred on Croydon in South London. The , now part of the was the first underground railway in the world is the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825. Much of Britain's 10,000 miles 16,000 km of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively, although a high proportion of railway lines were closed in the second half of the 20th century. There are plans to reopen lines such as the between Oxford and Cambridge. These lines are mostly standard gauge , or though there are also a few. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, the , which was completed in 1994. England has extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport is , which is the. Other large airports include , , and. By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including to Ireland, the Netherlands and Belgium. There are around 4,400 miles 7,100 km of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by the , however, water transport is very limited. The is the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at the in the Thames Estuary, one of the United Kingdom's three major ports. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of the. It was based on the findings of the , prepared by economist and social reformer. The NHS is largely funded from general taxation including payments, and it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care. The government department responsible for the NHS is the , headed by the , who sits in the. Most of the expenditure of the Department of Health is spent on the NHS—£98. In recent years the private sector has been increasingly used to provide more NHS services despite opposition by doctors and trade unions. Life expectancy at birth in England and Wales 2012 to 2014. Lighter colours indicate longer life expectancy. The average of people in England is 77. The South of England has a higher life expectancy than the North, however, regional differences do seem to be slowly narrowing: between 1991—1993 and 2012—2014, life expectancy in the North East increased by 6. Population of England and Wales by administrative areas. Their size is approximately in proportion to their population. England taken as a unit and measured against international states has the fourth largest population in the European Union and would be the 25th largest in the world. With a density of 424 people per square kilometre, it would be the second most densely populated country in the European Union after. Some genetic evidence suggests that 75—95% descend in the paternal line from prehistoric settlers who originally came from the , as well as a 5% contribution from and , and a significant Scandinavian element. However, other geneticists place the estimate up to half. Over time, various cultures have been influential: , , , , North Germanic , cultures, as well as a large influence from. There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Since the late 1990s, many English people to Spain. About 10% lived in urban areas. By 1801, the population was 8. Due in particular to the economic prosperity of , it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom. The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 87. Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, 6% of people living in England have family origins in the , mostly India, and. There is a significant number of Chinese and. In 2007, 22% of primary school children in England were from families, and in 2011 that figure was 26. About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration. Debate over immigration is politically prominent; 80% of respondents in a 2009 poll wanted to cap it. The has projected that the population will grow by nine million between 2014 and 2039. England contains one indigenous national minority, the , recognised by the UK government under the in 2014. Language Official, but not majority language Note: English is also an As its name suggests, the English language, today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world, originated as the language of England, where it remains the principal tongue spoken by 98% of the population. It is an language in the branch of the family. After the , the language was displaced and confined to the as and were used by the aristocracy. By the 15th century, English was back in fashion among all classes, though much changed; the form showed many signs of French influence, both in vocabulary and spelling. During the , many words were coined from Latin and Greek origins. Thanks in large part to the , the English language is the world's unofficial. There is no mandating an for England, but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinct , and individuals with particularly strong accents may not be easily understood everywhere in the country. As well as English, England has two other , and. Cornish died out as a community language in the 18th century but is being revived, and is now protected under the. It is spoken by 0. When the modern border between Wales and England was established by the , many Welsh-speaking communities found themselves on the English side of the border. Welsh was spoken in in Herefordshire into the nineteenth century, and by natives of parts of western until the middle of the twentieth century if not later. Due to immigration, it was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke a at home, the most common being and. However, following the 2011 census data released by the , figures now show that Polish is the main language spoken in England after English. Religion Further information: In the 2011 census, 59. Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England, as it has been since the Early Middle Ages, although it was first introduced much earlier in Gaelic and Roman times. This was gradually joined to the hierarchy following the 6th-century to led by. The of England is the , which left communion with in the 1530s when was unable to annul his divorce to of the. The church regards itself as both Catholic and. The monarch of the United Kingdom is the of the church, which has around 26 million baptised members of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers. It forms part of the with the acting as its symbolic worldwide head. Many and parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such as , , , and. The 2nd-largest Christian practice is the of the Catholic Church. Since its reintroduction after the , the Church has organised ecclesiastically on an basis where there are 4. There has been one Pope from England to date, ; while saints and are regarded as. The traditionally takes place at the Abbey A form of known as is the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism through. It gained popularity in the of and , and amongst tin miners in. There are other minorities, such as , , , and. The patron saint of England is ; his symbolic cross is included in the flag of England, as well as in the Union Flag as part of a combination. There are many other English and associated saints; some of the best-known are: , , , , , , , , , , and. There are non-Christian religions practised. Jews have a history of a small minority on the island since 1070. They were expelled from England in 1290 following the , only to be allowed back in 1656. Especially since the 1950s, religions from the have grown in numbers, due to immigration. Islam is the most common of these, now accounting for around 5% of the population in England. A small minority of the population practise ancient. According to the , there are roughly 53,172 people who identify as Pagan in England, and 3,448 in , including 11,026 in England and 740 in Wales. The frontage of , one of the oldest independent schools in England The is the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education. State-run and state-funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren. Of these, a minority are primarily or schools. Children who are between the ages of 3 and 5 attend nursery or an reception unit within a primary school. Children between the ages of 5 and 11 attend primary school, and secondary school is attended by those aged between 11 and 16. After finishing compulsory education, students take examinations. Students may then opt to continue into for two years. Although most English secondary schools are , in some areas there are selective intake , to which entrance is subject to passing the exam. Standards in state schools are monitored by the , and in private schools by the. There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which are. The is the government department responsible for higher education in England. Students are generally entitled to to cover the cost of and living costs. The first degree offered to undergraduates is the , which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then able to work towards a postgraduate degree, which usually takes one year, or towards a doctorate, which takes three or more years. Since the establishment of , Cambridge and Oxford in the , women also can obtain a university degree. The has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research. The is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by the. Many of England's most well-known schools, such as , , , and are fee-paying institutions. A in front of , one of the most important buildings of the period Many ancient monuments were erected during the prehistoric period; amongst the best known are , , and. With the introduction of there was a development of , , , , , , , , and. It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best-known example is stretching right across northern England. Another well-preserved example is the at. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of — , to and architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 various were created so law lords could uphold their authority and in the north to protect from invasion. Some of the best-known medieval castles are the , , and. Expanding on the there was also , , , universities and. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th-century ; the four-centred arch, now known as the , was a defining feature as were houses domestically. In the aftermath of the a form of architecture echoing classical antiquity synthesised with Christianity appeared, the style of architect being particularly championed. With the emergence of during Victorian period, a was launched. In addition to this, around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such as. Since the 1930s various forms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings include , , , , , and. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, for instance the tales featuring and , others date from after the Norman invasion; and his of and their battles with the being, perhaps, the best known. During the tales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore and developed into the. These were derived from , Welsh and French sources, featuring , , , and the such as. These stories are most centrally brought together within 's History of the Kings of Britain. Another early figure from , , may have been based on a real figure from Sub-Roman Britain. Many of the tales and make up part of the wider , a collection of shared British folklore. Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries; for instance was said to have ridden naked on horseback through , was a heroic English figure resisting the Norman invasion, is an ghost associated with Forest and and is the archetypal witch. On 5 November people make bonfires, set off and eat in of the foiling of the centred on. The chivalrous bandit, such as , is a recurring character, while is the archetypal pirate. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such as , , in the North East, in Yorkshire, , in Leicestershire, and at. There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as the associated with cockneys, the , the and. Cuisine Since the the food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce. During the and through the Renaissance period, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during the with the move away from the land and increasing urbanisation of the populace. The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by the food critics with some good ratings in 's charts. An early book of English recipes is the from the royal court of. Traditional examples of English food include the , featuring a usually beef, , chicken or pork served with assorted vegetables, , and. Other prominent meals include and the generally consisting of , , grilled tomatoes, fried bread, , , , and eggs. Various are consumed such as , , , the latter usually eaten cold and the. Sausages are commonly eaten, either as or. Some of the more popular cheeses are , and together with. Many hybrid dishes, , have been created such as and. Traditional English dessert dishes include or other fruit pies; —all generally served with ; and, more recently,. Common drinks include tea, whose popularity was increased by , whilst frequently consumed alcoholic drinks include wines, and , such as , , , and. Visual arts by in the style The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock and pieces, most prominent in , Northumberland and , but also feature further south, for example at. With the arrival of in the 1st century, various forms of art such as statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those at and. During the Early Middle Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in the discovered in 2009. Some of these blended styles, such as the and. Later was popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such as and. The Tudor era saw as part of their court, portrait painting which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by German , natives such as built on this. Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period include , , and. The 18th century was a time of significance with the founding of the , a based on the prevailed, with and becoming two of England's most treasured artists. The continued the landscape tradition, while the , led by artists such as , and , revived the style with their vivid and detailed style. Prominent amongst 20th-century artists was , regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British modernism in general. Contemporary painters include , whose work in 2008 set a world record for sale value of a painting by a living artist. Literature, poetry, and philosophy was an English author, poet and philosopher, best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative Early authors such as and wrote in Latin. The period of provided the epic poem and the secular prose of the , along with Christian writings such as , 's and. Following the Norman conquest continued amongst the educated classes, as well as an. With the literature in the style appeared. This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England. Some of the most prominent philosophers of the were , , and. More radical elements were later countered by who is regarded as the founder of conservatism. The poet with his satirical verse became well regarded. The English played a significant role in : , , , , , and were major figures. In response to the , agrarian writers sought a way between and tradition; , and were main exponents, while the founder of , , and advocate are somewhat related. Empiricism continued through and , while was involved in. Authors from around the include , the , , , , , and. Since then England has continued to produce novelists such as , , , , , , , , , and. Problems playing these files? The traditional is centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostly , , and. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Some of the best-known songs are , , and amongst others. Many are of English origin such as , , , , , and. Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artists and , followed up by from the. German-born became a British subject and spent most of his composing life in London, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, , , and. One of his four , , composed for the coronation of , has been performed at every subsequent , traditionally during the sovereign's anointing. There was a revival in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led by , , , , and others. Present-day composers from England include , best known for , and , whose musicals have achieved enormous success in the and worldwide. In the field of , many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such as , , , , , and are among the highest selling recording artists in the world. Many musical genres have origins in or strong associations with England, such as , , , , , , , , , , , , , and. Large outdoor in the summer and autumn are popular, such as , , and the. The most prominent in England is the at. Cinema was among a group of English filmmakers, including , , and , who emerged from making 1970s UK television commercials. England and the UK as a whole has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema, producing some of the greatest actors, directors and motion pictures of all time, including , , , , , , , , , , , and. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed filmmakers. Hitchcock's first thriller, 1926 , helped shape the genre in film, while his 1929 film, , is often regarded as the first British feature film. Major film studios in England include , and. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of the and. Famous for recording many motion picture , the first performed film music in 1935. The includes 1979 , a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public. English producers are also active in and English actors, directors and crew feature regularly in American films. The UK film council ranked , , , and the five most commercially successful English directors since 2001. Other contemporary English directors include , and. Current actors include , , and. Acclaimed for his motion capture work, opened in London in 2011. The visual effects company in London has produced some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film. Many successful Hollywood films have been based on English people, or events. The of Disney animated films include , and. Museums, libraries, and galleries The in London is a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by the. The charity holds a contrasting role. Some of the best-known of these are: , , , , , , and various others. There are many museums in England, but perhaps the most notable is London's. Its collection of more than seven million objects is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world, sourced from every continent, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. The in London is the and is one of the world's largest , holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats; including around 25 million books. The most senior art gallery is the in , which houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The galleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host the famously controversial. Queen presenting the to 1966 World Cup winning England captain England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th century codified many sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England include association football, , , , , , badminton, , , , , , , table tennis, , , horseracing, and. It has helped the development of , sailing and. Football is the of these sports. The , whose home venue is , played in the first ever international football match in 1872. With a British television audience peak of 32. It is the biggest stadium in the UK At club level, England is recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football, due to founded in 1857 being the world's oldest club. The and were the first cup and league competitions respectively. In the modern day, the is the world's most-watched football league, most lucrative, and amongst the elite. As is the case throughout the UK, football in England is notable for the rivalries between clubs and the passion of the supporters, which includes a tradition of football chants. The now has been won by several English clubs. The is a composite England and Wales, team. One of the game's top rivalries is series between England and , contested since 1882. The climax of the was viewed by 7. England has hosted four 1975, 1979, 1983, 1999 and will host the , but never won the tournament, reaching the final 3 times. However they have hosted the in , winning this format in 2010 beating rivals Australia in the final. In the domestic competition, the , are by far the most successful club having won the competition 31 times. London has hosted the three times, in , , and. England competes in the , held every four years. The during their victory parade after winning the originated in , Warwickshire in the early 19th century. The won the , with scoring the winning in the last minute of extra time against Australia. England was one of the host nations of the competition in the and also hosted the. The top level of club participation is the. Since 2008, the has been a full test nation in lieu of the , which won three but is now retired. Club sides play in , the present-day embodiment of the. Rugby League is most popular among towns in the northern English counties of , Yorkshire and. All eleven English clubs in Super League are based in the north of England. Some of the most successful clubs include , , and ; the former three have all won the previously. There are both professional tours for men and women, in two main tours: the and the. England has produced grand slam winners: , , , and in the men's and , , and in the women's. The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major is , played both in England and Scotland. The biennial golf competition, the , is named after English businessman who sponsored the event and donated the trophy. Nick Faldo is the most successful Ryder Cup player ever, having won the most points 25 of any player on either the European or US teams. First played in 1877, the Wimbledon Championships is the oldest tennis tournament in the world. Wimbledon is a tournament that has a major place in the British cultural calendar. He was the first player to win all four singles titles and helped lead the team to four wins. English women who have won Wimbledon include: in 1969 and in 1977. In , under the , England has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by the governing bodies. World champions include , , , , , , , , , , , and. In women's boxing, became the world's first woman to win an Olympic boxing Gold medal at the. Originating in 17th and 18th-century England, the is a horse breed best known for its use in. The horse race the , is held annually at in early April. It is the most watched horse race in the UK, attracting casual observers, and three-time winner is the most successful racehorse in the event's history. Red Rum is also the best-known racehorse in the country. Former world champion driving at in 1990. The circuit hosted the in 1950 The at was the first race in the newly created. Since then, England has produced some of the greatest drivers in the sport, including; , , only driver to have won the , only man to hold F1 and IndyCar titles at the same time , , and. It has manufactured some of the most technically advanced racing cars, and many of today's racing companies choose England as their base of operations for its engineering knowledge and organisation. England also has a rich heritage in , the premier championship of motorcycle , and produced several World Champions across all the various class of motorcycle: , , , , and. The sport is governed by the , one of its member organisations is the , which annually stages the Lakeside World Professional Championship, the other being the PDC , which runs its own world championship at in London. Another popular sport commonly associated with pub games is , and England has produced several world champions, including and. The English are keen sailors and enjoy competitive ; founding and winning some of the worlds most famous and respected international competitive tournaments across the various race formats, including the , a regatta, and the. England has produced some of the world's greatest sailors, including, , , , , , , , and the most successful Olympic sailor ever. The The St George's Cross has been the national since the 13th century. Originally the flag was used by the maritime. The English monarch paid a tribute to the from 1190 onwards so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean. A red cross was a symbol for many in the 12th and 13th centuries. It became associated with , along with countries and cities, which claimed him as their and used his cross as a banner. Since 1606 the St George's Cross has formed part of the design of the , a Pan-British flag designed by King. The , England's There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the , the nation's , and the Three Lions featured on the. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the as a symbol of peace. It is a symbol in that it merged the white rose of the and the red rose of the —cadet branches of the who went to war over control of the nation. It is also known as the Rose of England. The tree is a symbol of England, representing strength and endurance. The symbol and commemorate the escape of King from the grasp of the parliamentarians after his father's execution: he hid in an oak tree to avoid detection before safely reaching exile. The Royal Arms of England, a national featuring three lions, originated with its adoption by in 1198. It is as gules, three lions passant guardant or and it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England; it is similar to the traditional arms of. England does not have an official designated national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole has. However, the following are often considered unofficial English national anthems: , used for England during the , and. England's is 23 April which is : St George is the patron saint of England. In Canada there are around 6. Around 70% of in 1999 denoted their origins as , a category which includes all peoples from Great Britain and Ireland. Chileans of are somewhat of an anomaly in that itself was never part of the British Empire, but today there are around 420,000 people of English origins living there. Other Pagan paths, such as Wicca or Druidism, have not been included in this number. Scottish students attending Scottish universities have their fees paid by the devolved Scottish Parliament. Architects like , and continued to practise in the classical style. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 18 April 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2017. Archived from on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2009. Archived from on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2009. Archived from on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2009. Archived from on 27 April 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2009. Accessed 31 May 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009. The Principles of Gaelic Grammar. 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He styled himselfalthough this had no singles wels land in English law. Ausgefallenem käse, broten und singletreff westerwald gemüse werden 69. Archived from on 20 December 2008. In 1526, following theand the part of not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule. Archived from PDF on 18 December 2008. The traditionally takes la at the Abbey A form of known as is the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism through. The Christian Travel Planner. The same year, the Deutscher Bund was founded under the presidency of Austria. He won the and in 1996 he was ranked in the. Glad to thethe territory of Austria can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, Alps conifer and mixed forests and Western European broadleaf forests. Retrieved 24 December 2010.