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Supplement to ONS Newsletters 161 For historical research one often has to convert the Hegira date to an AD date or the other way around. When doing this, one is often confronted with differences. When the difference in date appears to be approximately 11 days, it is clear that this is due to mixing up the Gregorian calendar with the Julian calendar. In the same article, dates can be found either according to the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar. When other people refer to these articles, the same mistake is usually copied. It is very important when using original sources which is always preferred to realise which era the AD date should be converted to. Introduction of the Gregorian calendar In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced a new calendar to replace the Julian calendar in which the year was slightly longer. Most Roman-Catholic countries in Europe then adopted the new calendar, but the Protestant as well as the Greek-Orthodox countries changed to it much later1. England adopted the new calendar in 1752. In that year, the old Julian calendar changed to the new Gregorian calendar, when 3 September 1752 became 14 September 1752. This was a 30-day month and the calculation is as follows: Hegira calendar Christian Calendar AH 1165. All dates mentioned thereafter correspond to the Julian calendar. However, he made a mistake in respect of the date when the regnal years of Muhammad Shah commenced. According to Khafi Khan 3, however, it was settled that the beginning of his reign should date from the deposition of Farrukhsiyar and should be so entered in the Government records. This differs 7 months from his actual accession and leads inevitably to misinterpretations of the regnal years and the AH. Muhammad Shah ruled for less then 30 lunar years and Pridmore therefore had no explanation for coins with the regnal year 31; but if counted from his adopted accession date from the deposition of Farrukhsiyar, his reign lasted 30 lunar years and 18 days. The coins with regnal year 31 were struck during the period of these 18 days. AH date Commenced AD Ry. Two recent articles, one by Michael Mitchiner and Stan Goron 4 and another by Ken Wiggins 5 contain dates which are either according to the Julian or the Gregorian calendar. Both used the present Gregorian calendar for the AD dates, but the conversion of the AH dates were carried out in accordance with the Julian calendar. Nadir Shah, or Tamasp Quli, was born in 1688 and became king with the title shahanshah on 26 February 1736. Early in 1737 he set out for Qandahar to fight the Afghans. On 12-03-1738 Qandahar fell to him and was renamed Nadirabad. As Muhammad Shah did not keep his promise to prevent the Afghans from escaping into Mughal territory, Nadir decided to invade India. On 5 May 1738 he began his march into Northern Afghanistan. Kabul was taken on 19 June 1738. One month later he left Kabul for Lahore, where he received the keys of the city on 12 January 1739. On 26 January he continued his invasion of India. On 5 February, Sarhind was reached. The Mughals were much alarmed and prepared for battle near Karnal, which took place on 13 February 1739. Due to the lack of co-ordination between the different armies of the Mughals and an over- rash action from which even the army of the Nizam remained aloof, the Mughals were severely defeated. This was an altogether humiliating affair. In this way the key to open the whole Empire of Hindustan came into the hands of Nadir Shah. On 9 March 1739 Nadir Shah entered the city of Delhi, where on the next day he was proclaimed sovereign from the pulpits of the Jama Masjid and other places of prayer. The Delhi massacre The same day a rumour started that Nadir Shah had been treacherously shot dead at the instigation of Muhammad Shah, by a woman-guard of the palace. The rumour was readily believed and spread like wildfire and subsequently the Persians in the streets of Delhi were attacked by the local people. The riots went on all-night and about 3000 Persians were killed. Next morning, 11 March, Nadir Shah rode out to the middle of Chandi Chowk, opposite the police station kotwal and close to the Sarafa Bazar. The grand total from all sources amounted to 70 crores. Money was extorted from all sources, particularly the merchants and nobility. Whole families were ruined and many committed suicide, like the court agent for the Governor of Bengal who was beaten-up and took poison with his whole family. During this time Nadir lived at Delhi as king, coins were issued and the public prayer read in his name as sovereign with the title shahanshah king of kings. Conditions in the province of Bengal The governors of the provinces of India had to proclaim him as their suzerain and in some instances minted his coins in the provincial mints. Bhattacharyya 7 gives us an interesting inside view of the conditions in the province of Bengal which comprised Bengal, Orissa and Bihar. Bal Muktaram Atmaram, a prominent banker, on whom two bills for Rs 50. Dacca seems not to have experienced much difficulty, since the merchants there accepted Madras rupees. Reports about the normal circulation of business began to flow from the imperial capital. It was reported at Murshidabad, before the end of May 1739, that the King of Persia had left Delhi and was gone to the Shalimar Gardens Lahore and from there he intended to march back to Persia. With his own hands, he placed the crown of Hindustan on the head of Muhammad Shah. A considerable territory east of the Indus had also been seized by Nadir by right of victory over local subahdars before the battle of Karnal. The governor of Lahore signed an agreement to send Nadir Shah 20 lakhs 2,000,000 of rupees annually on this account, to remove the reason for any retention of a Persian garrison being left east of the Indus. On this day Nadir sent off four farmans of his own to Nasir Jang, Nasir al-Daula, Raja Sahu and the Peshwa Baji Rao, urging them to respect the settlement he had made and to obey Muhammad Shah in future. Then laden with plundered wealth, he left Delhi on the 5 May 1739, and, having made a short halt at Shalimar gardens outside the city, he marched in the direction of Sonepat. The peasants rose in his rear and plundered stragglers and the hindmost part of his baggage train. It is said that he lost 1000 transport animals before reaching Thanesar. In anger he ordered massacres here and at some other towns on the way. From Sarhind, he proceeded to the foot of the Himalayas. Due to the swollen rivers of the Punjab, he was considerably delayed and finally on 3 July he crossed the Chinab River about 42 miles north of Wazirabad. Zakariya Khan, the subahdar of Lahore and Multan, had accompanied Nadir to this point. Then, by way of the Khaiber Pass the Persians returned to Kabul and out of Hindustan. The immense booty that he carried away from India did not remain long in the royal treasury of Persia. Eight years after this invasion, Nadir Sh«h was assassinated and in the troubled times that ensued; his hoarded treasures were plundered and dispersed, including the famous Peacock Throne. In the current catalogues of Krause Mishler, the coins of Nadir Shah struck in India are largely missing. The coins are neither listed under Iran, nor under India. Thus, a complete catalogue of all the coins struck in name of Nadir Shah is listed below including references to the catalogues or journals in which they are published as well as to the cabinets in which they are preserved. The basic reference is the Catalogue of Coins in the Panjab Museum, Lahore by R. III, Coins of Nadir Shah and the Durrani Dynasty, Oxford 1934. Reportedly 1100 mohurs were struck by the Nawab of Patna 12, but none have turned up so far. Christ Church Library, Oxford. British Museum This rupee is wrongly attributed by Whitehead and is actually of Dar al-Aman Sarhind. See under Sarhind; it is of a different variety than the rupee published by Whitehead under Sarhind PMC-40. Idem, Lingen The sovereignty of Nadir Shah over Hindustan should be counted from 10 of March 1739, when he was proclaimed sovereign from the pulpit of the Jama Masjid and had the khutba read in his name. The Hegira year 1151 terminated on 29 March 1739. Coins in the name of Nadir Shah with the date AH1152 were produced during the period between 30 March 1739 up to 1 May 1739, when Muhammad Shah was installed again as Emperor of Hindustan. The interregnal period of Nadir Shah took place during the 21 st regnal year of Muhammad Shah 16 July 1738 - 4 July 1739. The suggestion, once made to me, that the coins of Muhammad Shah with regnal year 22 were the freshly minted rupees in the treasury when Nadir occupied Delhi and subsequently formed part of the immense booty taken by Nadir Shah from Delhi, cannot be correct. The story was that the Sikhs and Jats, who rose in his rear during his march back, plundered a portion of his baggage, including the rupees of year 22. The large number of these coins which must have appeared in trade all over Rajasthan may have been the reason that the princely state of Jaisalmer adopted this particular rupee as their own state issue. PMC-10 and 50 Lahore Obv. Herrli, Zahlen, Ziffern, Zeitrechnungen; Ein Numismatisch Handbuch, Cologne 1989, pag. Pridmore, The Coins of the Commonwealth of Nations; part 4 India, volume I East India Company Presidency Series c1642-1835, London 1976, p. Hodivala, Chronology of the reigns of the Mughal Emperors, Historical Studies in Mughal Numismatics, Bombay 1976, p. Goron, An Indian rupee struck at Banares in the name of the Persian ruler Nadir Shah, The Numismatic Circular, vol. LXXXVIII-12, December 1980 p. Wiggins, A rupee of Nadir Shah Afshari struck at Benares, ONS Newsletter 148, Spring 1996, p. Bhattacharyya 1969 , quoting from the Consultations, 23 April 1739. Whitehead, Catalogue of Coins in the Panjab Museum, Lahore, Vol. III Coins of Nadir Shah and the Durrani Dynasty, Oxford 1934, no. Bhattacharyya 1969 , quoting from the Consultations, 31 May 1739. Irvine 1971 , p. Bhattacharyya 1969 , quoting from the Consultations, 23 April 1739. The double mohur is of poor style and abnormal weight 23,74 g. The coin was acquired by the B. Rogers, and was published in the Num.
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