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The spa centre has wave pools, salt baths, wellness and sauna facilties, etc Salztherme Lüneburg ; in addition there is a brine therapy centre which is used for those with skin and respiratory problems. Subsidence The houses in the historic quarter between the today the and the were built above a that was excavated by the saltworks and which extended to just below the surface of the ground. Amongst firms in the technology and service sectors is Gründungszentrum e-novum, which supports new venture firms. Anlage zu Artikel 1.
Before 1871 the numbers were based on inconsistent survey methods. Other connexions run to the neighbouring districts of , , , Lower Marschacht and Salzhausen. The town has a main railway station and a smaller one located in.
Trying Enormous Dildos...f70 - The caused a crisis from 1446 to 1462. Make sure the table is filled correctly.
This article needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. August 2018 The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg : Herzogtum Braunschweig-Lüneburg , or more properly the Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg, was an historical that existed from the to the within the. The duchy was located in what is now northwestern. Its name came from the two largest cities in the territory: and. Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg Preceded by Succeeded by Today part of Germany The dukedom emerged in 1235 from the lands of the in and was granted as an imperial to , a grandson of. By 1692, the territories had consolidated to two: the and the. In 1714, the of the family succeeded to the throne of Great Britain, which they would rule in personal union with Hanover until 1837. For this reason, many cities and provinces in former British colonies are named after Brunswick or Lüneburg. The Hanoverians never ruled Brunswick while they held the British throne, as the city was part of neighboring Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Otto the Child is enfeoffed with Brunswick-Lüneburg by Emperor Frederick II, Lüneburg , 1448 When the was placed on in 1180, he lost his titles as and. He went into for several years, but was then allowed to stay on the estates inherited from his mother's side until the end of his life. At the of 1235 in , as part of the reconciliation between the and families, Henry's grandson, , transferred his estates to Emperor and was enfeoffed in return with the newly created Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, which was formed from the estates transferred to the Emperor as well as other large areas of the imperial. After his death in 1252, he was succeeded by his sons, and , who ruled the dukedom jointly. In 1269 the duchy was divided, Albert receiving the southern part of the state around Brunswick and John the northern territories in the area of Lüneburg. The towns of and remained in the overall possession of the House of Welf until 1512 and 1671 respectively. In 1571 the of became an of the Duchy. The various parts of the duchy were further divided and re-united over the centuries, all of them being ruled by the or Guelph dynasty, who maintained close relations with one another—not infrequently by marrying cousins—a practice far more common than is the case today, even among the peasantry of the Holy Roman Empire, for the in effect, encouraged the practice of retaining control of lands and benefits. The seats of power moved in the meantime from Brunswick and Lüneburg to and as the towns asserted their independence. Territorial division of the and dynastic relationships within the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg and to the. The subsequent history of the dukedom and its subordinate principalities was characterised by numerous divisions and reunifications. The subordinate states that were repeatedly created, and which had the legal status of principalities, were generally named after the residence of their rulers. The estates of the different dynastic lines could be inherited by a side line when a particular family died out. For example, over the course of the centuries there were the Old, Middle and New Houses or Lines of Brunswick, and the Old, Middle and New Houses of Lüneburg. The number of simultaneously reigning dynastic lines varied from two to five. Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Main article: In 1269 the Principality of Brunswick was formed following the first division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1432, as a result of increasing tensions with the townsfolk of , the Brunswick Line moved their Residence to , into the , which was expanded into a , whilst the town was developed into a royal seat. The name Wolfenbüttel was given to this principality. In 1814 the principality became the. Principality of Calenberg later Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg Main articles: and In 1432 the estates gained by the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel between the and split away as the Principality of Calenberg. To the north this new state bordered on the near Nienburg and extended from there in a narrow, winding strip southwards up the River Leine through Wunstorf and Hanover where it reached the Principality of Wolfenbüttel. In 1495 it was expanded around Göttingen and in 1584 went back to the Wolfenbüttel Line. In 1634, as a result of inheritance distributions, it went to the House of Lüneburg, before becoming an independent principality again in 1635, when it was given to , younger brother of , who chose as his Residenz. New territory was added in 1665 in the vicinity of Grubenhagen and in 1705 around the Principality of Lüneburg. In 1692 Duke from the Calenberg Line acquired the right to be a as the. Colloquially the Electorate was also known as the or as Kurhannover. In 1814 it was succeeded by the. Principality of Lüneburg Main article: The Principality of Lüneburg emerged alongside the Principality of Brunswick in 1269 when the inheritance of the Duchy was divided. It was united with the Principality of Calenberg, which had been elevated in 1692 into the Electorate. Principality of Göttingen Main article: The southernmost principality in the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg stretched from Münden in the south down the River Weser to Holzminden. In the east it ran through Göttingen along the River Leine via Northeim to Einbeck. It emerged in 1345 as the result of a division of the Principality of Brunswick and was united in 1495 with Calenberg. Principality of Grubenhagen Main article: From 1291 to 1596 Grubenhagen was an independent principality, its first ruler being , son of. The state lay ran from the northern part of the hills and the River near Einbeck and north of the Eichsfeld on and in the southwestern. After being split in the course of the years into smaller and smaller principalities it Grubenhagen finally returned in 1596 to Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Other branches Other branches that did not have full sovereignty existed in the , , , , , , and. While a total of about a dozen subdivisions that existed, some were only dynastic and not recognised as states of the Empire, which at one time had over 1500 such legally recognized entities. By 1705 only two Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg survived, one ruling Calenberg, Lüneburg and other possessions, and the other ruling Wolfenbüttel. From Lüneburg to Hanover Main article: One of the dynastic lines was that of the , who in 1635 acquired for , a junior member of the family who set up residence in the city of. His son and his brothers inherited Celle in 1648 and thereafter shared it and Calenberg between themselves; a closely related branch of the family ruled separately in Wolfenbüttel. As a latter day development, what became the Electorate of Hanover was initially called the Elector of Brunswick-Lunenberg when the Holy Roman Emperor appointed an Elector in 1696 two years before his death in a somewhat controversial move to increase the number of Protestant electors—thereby offending the entrenched interests of the extant who would no longer be so few. As with most matters in Europe during these times, this was part of the centuries-long religious unrest accompanied by outright warfare see triggered by the zealous advocates on either side of the and the Catholic. The territories of Calenberg and Lüneburg-Celle were made an by the in 1692 in expectation of the imminent inheritance of Celle by the Duke of Calenberg, though the actual dynastic union of the territories did not occur until 1705 under his son George I Louis, and the was not officially approved by the Imperial Diet until 1708. Coincidentally, in 1701 the found himself in the line of succession for the British crown, later confirmed in 1707 by the , which he subsequently inherited, thereby creating a of the two crowns on 20 October 1714. After a little over a decade, the matter of the disputed electorate was settled upon the heir, and the new Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg acceded as duke on 23 January 1698 , was able to style himself the Elector of Brunswick and Lüneburg from 1708. It was not just happenstance but similar religious driven politics that brought about the circumstance that he was also put into the line of succession for the British crown by the — which was written to ensure a Protestant succession to the thrones of Scotland and England at a time when anti-Catholic sentiment ran high in much of Northern Europe and much of. In the event, George I succeeded his second cousin — the last reigning member of the , and subsequently formed a from 1 August 1714 between the British crown and the duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg electorate of Hanover which would last until well after the end of the more than a century later—including even through the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the rise of a new successor kingdom. History of the relationship to the British Crown The first King of Great Britain, , was the reigning Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and was finally made an official and recognized of the Holy Roman Empire in 1708. His possessions were enlarged in 1706 when the hereditary lands of the Calenberg branch of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg merged with the lands of the Lüneburg-Celle branch to form the state of Hanover. Subsequently, George I was referred to as Elector of Hanover. In 1700 and 1701, when the English Parliament had addressed the question of an orderly succession, with a particular religious bias toward a ruler, from the childless ruling Queen Anne , it passed the provisions of the to , granddaughter of James I. Sophia predeceased Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her son and heir, George I, succeeded as King of Great Britain when Anne, his second cousin, died in August 1714. Great Britain and Hanover remained united in until the accession of in 1837. George I was followed by his son and great-grandson. The last mentioned retained the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806. George III contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the Electorate of Hanover until the at the war's end. After the fall of Napoleon, regained his lands plus lands from Prussia as , whilst giving up some other smaller scattered territories. After the Congress of Vienna After the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Calenberg-Celle and its possessions were added to by the ending the Napoleonic war, being born anew under the name of including Brunswick-Lüneburg. During the first half of the 19th century, the Kingdom of Hanover was ruled as by the crown from its creation under , the last until the death of in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, under the requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an only daughter,. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son during the when it was annexed by , and became the Prussian province of Hanover. Main article: The Wolfenbüttel Line retained its independence, except from 1807 to 1813, when it and Hanover were merged into the Napoleonic. The of 1815 turned it into an independent state under the name. The Duchy remained independent and joined first the and in 1871 the. When the main line of descent became extinct in 1884, the withheld the rightful heir, the , from taking control, instead installing a regent. Decades later, the families were reconciled by the marriage of to , and the Emperor allowed his son-in-law to assume rule his father having renounced his own right. Partitions of Brunswick-Lüneburg under Welf rule Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1235—1269 Brunswick 1269—1291 Lüneburg 1st creation 1269—1369 Grubenhagen 1291—1596 Wolfenbüttel 1st creation 1291—1292 Göttingen 1291—1463 Wolfenbüttel 2nd creation 1344—1400 Lüneburg under 1373—1388 Lüneburg 2nd creation 1388—1705 Wolfenbüttel 3rd creation 1409—1485 Calenberg 1st creation 1432—1584 Wolfenbüttel 4th creation 1494—1807 annexed Grubenhagen 1617 Calenberg 2nd creation 1634—1692 Recalled Hanover 1692 Electorate of Hanover 1692—1866 Annexed by Brunswick 1813—1918 Annexed by Table of rulers Note: Here the numbering of the princes is the same for all duchies, as all were titled Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, despite of the different parts of land and its particular numbering of the rulers. The princes are numbered by the year of their succession. Ruler Born Reign Death Ruling part Consort Notes 1236 1252—1269 15 August 1279 Brunswick-Lüneburg 1254 no children 1263 seven children Shared rule with his brother John. In 1269 divided the land with him, and became Prince of Brunswick. In 1269 divided the land with him, and became Prince of Luneburg. This was an additional title to the representation of their actual territorial lordship. However, as this is list of rulers, the list goes beyond the use of the title, going through all generations until the end of the noble family representation in the land, in 1918. In 1269 divided the land with him, and became Prince of Luneburg. Otto restricted the rights of the knights and safeguarded public order. August 1267 1279—1291 7 September 1322 1282 sixteen children Sons of Albert I, ruled jointly. In 1291 divided the land: Henry received Grubenhagen, William Wolfenbüttel and Albert Göttingen. William died without descendants, and Albert reunited his land with his brother's. After Otto's death Magnus and Ernest divided the land: Magnus received Wolfenbüttel and Ernest Göttingen. After Otto's death in 1352, William ruled alone. His death without descendants precipitated the in 1370. John abdicated 1364 to join the clergy and Albert became sole ruler. However, the allowed his succession also in this duchy. However, the War of Succession brought, after his death, the dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg to the government. After the death of , a treaty the Reconciliation of Hanover was agreed between the widow of Magnus II and her sons and the claimers, and his uncle : the estates of the Principality were to pay homage both to the Welfs and to the Ascanians, and the two noble houses would govern the state alternately. Initially, the land would be given to the two Ascanians from Wittenberg, and after their death it would go to the sons of the fallen Duke Magnus II. After their death, rule of the Principality was to revert to the Ascanians. In order to underpin the agreement, in 1374 Albert of Saxe-Lüneburg married Catharina, the widow of Magnus II. The treaty also envisaged the creation of a statutory body representing the estates, which was to supervise the treaty. However, 1373—1388 would be the only period in which a Brunswick-Luneburg land was not ruled by a Welf. To reinforce his claim married the widow of the previous duke, Katherine. Albert also moved the residence to after the of Lüneburg Castle. With no male heirs, his co-ruler and uncle, , took the entire government of Lüneburg. After his death,according to the treaty, the duchy was returned to the Welfs. In the wake of his death, Elector Wenceslas appointed Bernard, his brother-in-law, as co-regent involved him in the government. But his younger brother did not agree with this ruling, and after vain attempts to reach an agreement, the fight flared up again in the spring of 1388. Elector had to assemble an army without the help of Bernard, supported by the town of Lüneburg. From , he wanted to attack , which was held by Henry and his mother. During the preparations, however, Elector Wenceslas fell seriously ill and died shortly thereafter. According to legend, he was poisoned. Lüneburg continued the preparations, formed an alliance with the and and set up his own army. On 28 May 1388, battle was joined at Winsen an der Aller; it ended in victory for. According to the provisions of the Treaty of Hanover from the year 1373, after the death of Wensceslas, the Principality passed to the. In 1389, a inheritance agreement between the Welfs and the Ascanians was concluded, the treaty of 1374 was abolished, and the Principality was finally secured for the Welfs. They permanently recovered Lüneburg for the Welfs. In 1400 inherited Wolfenbüttel and in 1416 divided their lands: Henry retained Lüneburg and Bernard kept Wolfenbüttel until 1428, when exchanged it with Lüneburg from his nephews. In 1428 they exchanged, with their uncle Bernard I, Lüneburg for Wolfenbüttel. In 1432 founded the Principality of Calenberg, a split-off from Lüneburg, and left the remaining Wolfenbüttel to his brother Henry IV. After the latter's death William took his lands. In 1463, attached the to Calenberg. Their rule was marked by major building work to Celle Castle and also by numerous reforms which improved the legal situation of farmers vis-a-vis their local lords. Ruled jointly with his brother Otto. However, his death without descendants allowed his cousins sons of Albert to reunite Grubenhagen. Joined Wolfenbüttel to his domains in 1485, when he imprisoned his brother. Abdicated to his sons in 1491. In 1494, they divided their lands. Henry retained Wolfenbüttel and Eric retained Calenberg. Under him the medieval fortress Burg was rebuilt into a castle Schloss ; he was a passionate opponent of the , and driving force behind the Catholic alliance established against the ; the disinheritance of a third son could not be carried out. Otto abdicated in 1527 and founded his own estate, the , which passed to his own descendants. Ernest was a champion of the cause during the early years of the. Francis started his co-rulership in 1536, and abdicated three years later to rule in his own estate, the Principality of Gifhorn, which was reannexed to Lüneburg after his death as he left no descendants. Called The Reformation Princess, implemented the in Calenberg. The land passed to his brother Wolfgang. The land passed to his brothers. In 1569 Henry founded the duchy of , which left to his own descendants. William ruled alone from 1569. As he left no male descendants, the land passed to his brother Philip. By embracing the , establishing the , and introducing a series of administrative reforms, Julius was one of the most important Brunswick dukes in the early modern era. The land passed to his brother, Christian. However she lost in 1617 the Principality of Grubenhagen. Left the government business for , who nearly ruined the state by minting coins from cheap metals and thus causing. Because of the bad situation of the state, the king of Denmark had Frederick take control of the government again. As he left no descendants, the land passed to his brother, Augustus. Grubenhagen is definitively annexed to Lüneburg. His lands passed to collateral lines of the Lüneburg Welfs. The land passed to his brother, Frederick IV. Inherited Calenberg from his cousin Frederick Ulrich, who had left no descendants. Abdicated to his son in 1641. Inherited Wolfenbüttel from his cousin Frederick Ulrich, who had left no descendants. In 1643 he moved into the Residence at , was the founder of a barock theatre and the. He then gave Calenberg to his next brother, John Frederick. At his death without male descendants, the land passed to his son-in-law, the. Lüneburg is annexed to Hanover. After the death of Rudolf Augustus, Anthony Ulrich returned to the throne and ruled alone. A politician, art lover and poet, he founded a museum named after him in Brunswick; he had also built. As he left no male heirs, the land passed to his younger brother, Ernest Augustus. Brother of Christian Louis, George William and John Frederick. In 1692, he was appointed by , thus raising the House of Welf to electoral dignity. The old Principality of Calenberg thus adopted the new name of. In 1705 reunited his father-in-law's princedom of Lüneburg to the Electorate. In 1714 was chosen for , starting a between Hanover and this new country. Lüneburg was definitely annexed to the Electorate. Thus the was the remaining old land of Brunswick-Lüneburg that remained separate. Usually numbered I as Elector and King of Great Britain. Ruler of the only land that was still not in Hanoverian lands, to which it would never belong. Usually numbered II as Elector and King of Great Britain. Grandson of Augustus II. Usually numbered III as Elector and King of Great Britain. Born in England, never visited Hanover. He was the head of the Prussian Army; died in the Battle of Jena; because his son and heir died young, and two other sons were not eligible, rule passed to his youngest son. With the dissolution of the in 1806, the title of Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ceased to exist. On the Eve of , in 1807 the Duchy was briefly annexed to the , to appear again in 1813 as. Named regent of his father due to his illness, succeeding him after his death in 1820. Usually numbered IV as King of Hanover and Great Britain. Left no male descendants. The land passed to his brother. Usually numbered IV as King of Hanover and Great Britain. As he left no descendants, the land passed to his brother. He was the last king of Hanover, as his reign ended with the. Retrieved 10 May 2016. Memoirs, and Letters and Journals, of Major General Riedesel During His Residence in America. Translated by Stone, William L. I remain ever, Your affectionate Charles, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg. Brunswick, February 14, 1776.
Town districts Districts: Altstadt, Bockelsberg, Ebensberg, Goseburg-Zeltberg,Kaltenmoor the largest district, with around 8,000 inhabitantsKreideberg, Lüne, Moorfeld, Mittelfeld, Neu Hagen, Ochtmissen, Oedeme, Rettmer, Rotes Feld, Schützenplatz, Weststadt and Wilschenbruch. Sol's lost their stability and had to be demolished. Over time the tower has shifted 200 cm to lüneburg street dating west. Since 1996, as a result of the reform of the local constitution, both functions again have been combined in the post of a full-time lord mayor, who is now con elected by the townsfolk. Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg Preceded by Succeeded by Today part lüneburg street dating Germany The dukedom emerged in 1235 from the lands of the in and was granted as an imperial toa grandson of. Memoirs, and Letters and Journals, of Major General Riedesel A His Residence in America. The salt was found below this part of the town. In the Middle Ages salt was initially conveyed overland up the Old Salt Road to Lübeck.