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This article is about the German Nazi Party that existed from 1920 to 1945. For the ideology, see. For other Nazi Parties, see. The National Socialist German Workers' Party : · , abbreviated NSDAP , commonly referred to in English as the Nazi Party English: , was a political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945, that created and supported the ideology of. Its precursor, the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; DAP , existed from 1919 to 1920. The party was created as a means to draw workers away from communism and into nationalism. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on , and rhetoric, although such aspects were later downplayed in order to gain the support of industrial entities and in the 1930s the party's focus shifted to and anti-Marxist themes. To maintain the supposed purity and strength of the Aryan race, the Nazis sought to , and along with the vast majority of other and the and. They imposed exclusionary segregation on , , and political opponents. The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic genocidal killing of , in what has become known as. The party's leader since 1921, , was appointed by President on 30 January 1933. Hitler rapidly established a regime known as the. Members of the party referred to themselves as Nationalsozialisten National Socialists , rarely as Nazis. The term Parteigenosse party member was commonly used among Nazis, with the feminine form Parteigenossin used when it was appropriate. The term was in use before the rise of the party as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backward , characterising an awkward and clumsy person. It derived from Ignaz, being a shortened version of , a common name in , the area from which the Nazis emerged. Thereafter, the term spread into other languages and eventually was brought back to Germany after World War II. In English, the term is not considered a slang word, and has such derivatives as and. Origins and early existence: 1918—1923 The party grew out of smaller political groups with a nationalist orientation that formed in the last years of. In 1918, a league called the Freier Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden Free Workers' Committee for a good Peace was created in , Germany. On 7 March 1918, , an avid German nationalist, formed a branch of this league in. Drexler was a local locksmith who had been a member of the militarist during World War I and was bitterly opposed to the of November 1918 and the revolutionary upheavals that followed. However, he also accused international capitalism of being a Jewish-dominated movement and denounced capitalists for war profiteering in World War I. Drexler saw the political violence and instability in Germany as the result of the being out-of-touch with the masses, especially the lower classes. Drexler emphasized the need for a synthesis of völkisch nationalism with a form of economic , in order to create a popular nationalist-oriented workers' movement that could challenge the rise of Communism and. These were all well-known themes popular with various such as the. Nazi Party badge emblem Drexler's movement received attention and support from some influential figures. Later in 1918, a journalist and member of the convinced Drexler and several others to form the Political Workers' Circle. The members met periodically for discussions with themes of nationalism and racism directed against the Jews. In December 1918, Drexler decided that a new political party should be formed, based on the political principles that he endorsed, by combining his branch of the Workers' Committee for a good Peace with the Political Workers' Circle. To ease concerns among potential middle-class supporters, Drexler made clear that unlike Marxists the party supported the middle-class and that its socialist policy was meant to give to German citizens deemed part of the Aryan race. They became one of many that existed in Germany. This ideology was explicitly antisemitic. As early as 1920, the party was raising money by selling a tobacco called Anti-Semit. NSDAP membership book From the outset, the DAP was opposed to non-nationalist political movements, especially on the left, including the SPD and the KPD. The DAP was also deeply opposed to the. The DAP did not attempt to make itself public and meetings were kept in relative secrecy, with public speakers discussing what they thought of Germany's present , or writing to like-minded societies in Northern Germany. The DAP was a comparatively small group with fewer than 60 members. Nevertheless, it attracted the attention of the German authorities, who were suspicious of any organisation that appeared to have subversive tendencies. Hitler was assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the DAP. While attending a party meeting on 12 September 1919, Hitler became involved in a heated argument with a visitor, Professor Baumann, who questioned the soundness of 's arguments against capitalism; Baumann proposed that Bavaria should break away from and found a new South German nation with. Drexler encouraged him to join the DAP. On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party and within a week was accepted as party member 555 the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party. Among the party's earlier members were of the Army's District Command VII; Dietrich Eckart, who has been called the spiritual father of National Socialism; then- student ; Freikorps soldier ; and , often credited as the philosopher of the movement. All were later prominent in the Nazi regime. Hitler's membership card in the DAP later NSDAP Hitler later claimed to be the seventh party member he was in fact the seventh executive member of the party's central committee and he would later wear the number one. Anton Drexler drafted a letter to Hitler in 1940—which was never sent—that contradicts Hitler's later claim: No one knows better than you yourself, my Führer, that you were never the seventh member of the party, but at best the seventh member of the committee... And a few years ago I had to complain to a party office that your first proper membership card of the DAP, bearing the signatures of Schüssler and myself, was falsified, with the number 555 being erased and number 7 entered. Hitler's first DAP speech was held in the on 16 October 1919. He was the second speaker of the evening, and spoke to 111 people. At first, Hitler spoke only to relatively small groups, but his considerable oratory and propaganda skills were appreciated by the party leadership. With the support of Anton Drexler, Hitler became chief of propaganda for the party in early 1920. Hitler began to make the party more public, and organised its biggest meeting yet of 2,000 people on 24 February 1920 in the. Such was the significance of this particular move in publicity that resigned from the party in disagreement. It was in this speech that Hitler enunciated the that had been drawn up by Drexler, Feder and himself. Through these points he gave the organisation a much bolder stratagem with a clear foreign policy abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, a , Eastern expansion and exclusion of Jews from citizenship and among his specific points were: confiscation of , abolition of unearned incomes, the State to share profits of land and land for national needs to be taken away without compensation. In general, the manifesto was , , , and. Even before it had become legally forbidden by the in 1935, the Nazis banned sexual relations and marriages between party members and Jews. Hitler quickly became the party's most active orator, appearing in public as a speaker 31 times within the first year after his self-discovery. Crowds began to flock to hear his speeches. Hitler always spoke about the same subjects: the Treaty of Versailles and. Over the following months, the party continued to attract new members, while remaining too small to have any real significance in German politics. By the end of the year, party membership was recorded at 2,000, many of whom Hitler and Röhm had brought into the party personally, or for whom Hitler's oratory had been their reason for joining. Hitler's talent as an orator and his ability to draw new members, combined with his characteristic ruthlessness, soon made him the dominant figure. However, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin in June 1921, a mutiny broke out within the party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the rival DSP. Upon returning to Munich on 11 July, Hitler angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that his resignation would mean the end of the party. Hitler announced he would rejoin on condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the NSDAP, as his opponents had expelled from the party and they printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself and Esser to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful; at a special party congress on 29 July 1921, he replaced Drexler as party chairman by a vote of 533 to 1. The committee was dissolved, and Hitler was granted nearly absolute powers as the party's sole leader. He would hold the post for the remainder of his life. Under this principle, the party was a highly centralized entity that functioned strictly from the top down, with Hitler at the apex as the party's absolute leader. These two goals were fused in his mind by his belief that Germany's external enemies — Britain, France and the Soviet Union — were controlled by the Jews and that Germany's future wars of national expansion would necessarily entail a war against the Jews. For Hitler and his principal lieutenants, national and racial issues were always dominant. This was symbolised by the adoption as the party emblem of the or Hakenkreuz. The Nazi Party grew significantly during 1921 and 1922, partly through Hitler's oratorical skills, partly through the SA's appeal to unemployed young men, and partly because there was a backlash against socialist and liberal politics in Bavaria as Germany's economic problems deepened and the weakness of the Weimar regime became apparent. The party recruited former World War I soldiers, to whom Hitler as a decorated frontline veteran could particularly appeal, as well as small businessmen and disaffected former members of rival parties. Nazi rallies were often held in beer halls, where downtrodden men could get free beer. The was formed for the children of party members. The party also formed groups in other parts of Germany. In December 1920, the Nazi Party had acquired a newspaper, the , of which its leading ideologist Alfred Rosenberg became editor. Others to join the party around this time were and World War I flying ace. On 31 October 1922, a party with similar policies and objectives came into power in Italy, the , under the leadership of the charismatic. The Fascists, like the Nazis, promoted a national rebirth of their country, as they opposed communism and liberalism; appealed to the working-class; opposed the ; and advocated the territorial expansion of their country. The Italian Fascists used a straight-armed and wore black-shirted uniforms. Hitler was inspired by Mussolini and the Fascists, borrowing their use of the straight-armed salute as a Nazi salute. In January 1923, France occupied the industrial region as a result of Germany's failure to meet its payments. This led to economic chaos, the resignation of 's government and an attempt by the German Communist Party KPD to stage a revolution. The reaction to these events was an upsurge of nationalist sentiment. Nazi Party membership grew sharply to about 20,000. By November, Hitler had decided that the time was right for an attempt to seize power in Munich, in the hope that the Reichswehr the post-war German military would mutiny against the Berlin government and join his revolt. In this, he was influenced by former General , who had become a supporter—though not a member—of the Nazis. This so-called attempt failed almost at once when the local Reichswehr commanders refused to support it. On the morning of 9 November, the Nazis staged a march of about 2,000 supporters through Munich in an attempt to rally support. Troops opened fire and 16 Nazis were killed. Hitler, Ludendorff and a number of others were arrested and were tried for treason in March 1924. Hitler and his associates were given very lenient prison sentences. The Nazis failed to remain unified in the DP, as in the north, the right-wing nationalist supporters of the Nazis moved to the new , leaving the north's left-wing Nazi members, such as retaining support for the party. Rise to power: 1925—1933 Hitler with Nazi Party members in 1930 Adolf Hitler was released from prison on 20 December 1924. On 16 February 1925, Hitler convinced the Bavarian authorities to lift the ban on the NSDAP and the party was formally refounded on 26 February 1925, with Hitler as its undisputed leader. The new Nazi Party was no longer a paramilitary organization and disavowed any intention of taking power by force. In any case, the economic and political situation had stabilized and the extremist upsurge of 1923 had faded, so there was no prospect of further revolutionary adventures. The party and the SA were kept separate and the legal aspect of the party's work was emphasized. In a sign of this, the party began to admit women. The SA and the members the latter founded in 1925 as Hitler's bodyguard, and known originally as the Schutzkommando had to all be regular party members. In the 1920s, the Nazi Party expanded beyond its Bavarian base. The areas of strongest Nazi support were in rural Protestant areas such as , , and. Depressed working-class areas such as also produced a strong Nazi vote, while the workers of the and largely remained loyal to the , the or the Catholic. Nuremberg remained a Nazi Party stronghold, and the first was held there in 1927. These rallies soon became massive displays of Nazi paramilitary power and attracted many recruits. The Nazis' strongest appeal was to the lower middle-classes — farmers, public servants, teachers and small businessmen — who had suffered most from the inflation of the 1920s, so who feared Bolshevism more than anything else. The small business class was receptive to Hitler's antisemitism, since it blamed Jewish big business for its economic problems. University students, disappointed at being too young to have served in the War of 1914—1918 and attracted by the Nazis' radical rhetoric, also became a strong Nazi constituency. By 1929, the party had 130,000 members. The party's nominal Deputy Leader was , but he had no real power in the party. By the early 1930s, the senior leaders of the party after Hitler were , and. Goebbels began his ascent through the party hierarchy as Gauleiter of Berlin-Brandenburg in 1926. Streicher was Gauleiter of , where he published his antisemitic newspaper. This was a strictly hierarchical structure in which orders flowed from the top and unquestioning loyalty was given to superiors. Only the SA retained some autonomy. Being composed largely of unemployed workers, many SA men took the Nazis' socialist rhetoric seriously. State elections produced similar results. Despite these poor results and despite Germany's relative political stability and prosperity during the later 1920s, the Nazi Party continued to grow. This was partly because Hitler, who had no administrative ability, left the party organization to the head of the secretariat, , the party treasurer and business manager. The party had a capable propaganda head in , who was promoted to national organizational leader in January 1928. These men gave the party efficient recruitment and organizational structures. The party also owed its growth to the gradual fading away of competitor nationalist groups, such as the DNVP. As Hitler became the recognized head of the German nationalists, other groups declined or were absorbed. Despite these strengths, the Nazi Party might never have come to power had it not been for the and its effects on Germany. By 1930, the German economy was beset with mass unemployment and widespread business failures. The Social Democrats and Communists were bitterly divided and unable to formulate an effective solution: this gave the Nazis their opportunity and Hitler's message, blaming the crisis on the Jewish financiers and the , resonated with wide sections of the electorate. At the , the Nazis won 18. Hitler proved to be a highly effective campaigner, pioneering the use of radio and aircraft for this purpose. His dismissal of Strasser and his appointment of Goebbels as the party's propaganda chief were major factors. While Strasser had used his position to promote his own leftish version of national socialism, Goebbels was totally loyal to Hitler and worked only to improve Hitler's image. The 1930 elections changed the German political landscape by weakening the traditional nationalist parties, the DNVP and the DVP, leaving the Nazis as the chief alternative to the discredited Social Democrats and the Zentrum, whose leader, , headed a weak minority government. The inability of the democratic parties to form a united front, the self-imposed isolation of the Communists and the continued decline of the economy, all played into Hitler's hands. He now came to be seen as de facto leader of the opposition and donations poured into the Nazi Party's coffers. Some major business figures, such as , were Nazi supporters and gave generously and some Wall Street figures were allegedly involved, but many other businessmen were suspicious of the extreme nationalist tendencies of the Nazis and preferred to support the traditional conservative parties instead. German NSDAP Donation Token 1932, Free State of Prussia elections During 1931 and into 1932, Germany's political crisis deepened. Hitler ran for President against the incumbent in March 1932, polling 30. By now the SA had 400,000 members and its running street battles with the SPD and Communist paramilitaries who also fought each other reduced some German cities to combat zones. Paradoxically, although the Nazis were among the main instigators of this disorder, part of Hitler's appeal to a frightened and demoralised middle class was his promise to restore law and order. Overt antisemitism was played down in official Nazi rhetoric, but was never far from the surface. Germans voted for Hitler primarily because of his promises to revive the economy by unspecified means , to restore German greatness and overturn the and to save Germany from communism. On 24 April 1932, the to the resulted in 36. On 20 July 1932, the Prussian government was ousted by a coup, the ; a few days later at the the Nazis made another leap forward, polling 37. Furthermore, the Nazis and the Communists between them won 52% of the vote and a majority of seats. Since both parties opposed the established political system and neither would join or support any ministry, this made the formation of a majority government impossible. The result was weak ministries governing by decree. Later, both the Social Democrats and the Communists accused each other of having facilitated by their unwillingness to compromise. Chancellor called another Reichstag election in November, hoping to find a way out of this impasse. The electoral result was the same, with the Nazis and the Communists winning 50% of the vote between them and more than half the seats, rendering this Reichstag no more workable than its predecessor. However, support for the Nazis had fallen to 33. The Nazis interpreted the result as a warning that they must seize power before their moment passed. Had the other parties united, this could have been prevented, but their shortsightedness made a united front impossible. Papen, his successor and the nationalist press magnate spent December and January in political intrigues that eventually persuaded President Hindenburg that it was safe to appoint Hitler as Reich Chancellor, at the head of a cabinet including only a minority of Nazi ministers—which he did on 30 January 1933. Ascension and consolidation Reichsparteitag Nuremberg Rally : Nazi Party leader and SA-leader , August 1933 In , Hitler directly attacked both left-wing and right-wing politics in Germany. However, a majority of scholars identify in practice as being a form of politics. The votes that the Nazis received in the 1932 elections established the Nazi Party as the largest parliamentary faction of the Weimar Republic government. Hitler was appointed as on 30 January 1933. The on 27 February 1933 gave Hitler a pretext for suppressing his political opponents. The following day he persuaded the Reich's President to issue the , which suspended most. The NSDAP won the with 43. After the election, hundreds of thousands of new members joined the party for opportunistic reasons, most of them civil servants and white-collar workers. On 23 March, the parliament passed the , which gave the cabinet the right to enact laws without the consent of parliament. In effect, this gave Hitler dictatorial powers. Now possessing virtually absolute power, the Nazis established control as they abolished labour unions and other political parties and imprisoned their political opponents, first at wilde Lager, improvised camps, then in. Nazi power over Germany remained virtual, not absolute. NSDAP federal election results 1924—1933 Election Votes Seats Notes No. On 1 December 1933, the Law to secure the unity of party and state entered into force, which was the base for a progressive intertwining of party structures and state apparatus. By this law, the SA—actually a party division—was given quasi-governmental authority and their leader was co-opted as an ex officio cabinet member. By virtue of a 30 January 1934 Law concerning the reorganisation of the Reich, the Länder states lost their statehood and were demoted to administrative divisions of the Reich's government. Effectively, they lost most of their power to the that were originally just regional divisions of the party, but took over most competencies of the state administration in their respective sectors. He accused them of having conspired to stage a coup d'état, but it is believed that this was only a pretence to justify the suppression of any intraparty opposition. The purge was executed by the SS, assisted by the Gestapo and Reichswehr units. Aside from Strasserist Nazis, they also murdered anti-Nazi conservative figures like former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher. After this, the SA continued to exist but lost much of its importance, while the role of the SS grew significantly. Formerly only a sub-organisation of the SA, it was created a separate organisation of the NSDAP in July 1934. After the death of President Hindenburg on 2 August 1934, Hitler merged the offices of party leader, head of state and chief of government in one, taking the title of und Reichskanzler. The , officially an organisation of the Nazi Party, took over the functions of the Office of the President a government agency , blurring the distinction between structures of party and state even further. The SS increasingly exerted police functions, a development which was formally documented by the merger of the offices of and Chief of the German Police on 17 June 1936, as the position was held by who derived his authority directly from Hitler. It was put under the RSHA in 1939, which then coordinated SD, Gestapo and , therefore functioning as a hybrid organisation of state and party structures. NSDAP election and referendum results in the under 1933—1938 Election Votes % Seats 39,655,224 92. The first was signed by representatives of Nazi Germany at , France on 7 May 1945. The war in Europe had come to an end. The defeat of Germany in World War II marked the end of the era. The party was formally abolished on 10 October 1945 by the and began, along with before the International Military Tribunal IMT in Nuremberg. Between 1939 and 1945, the Nazi Party led regime, assisted by governments and recruits from occupied countries, was responsible for the deaths of at least eleven million people, including 5. The estimated total number includes the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish , over three million , and other political opponents, homosexuals, the physically and mentally disabled. Main article: The National Socialist Programme was a formulation of the policies of the party. It was the official party programme, with minor changes, from its proclamation as such by Hitler in 1920, when the party was still the German Workers' Party, until its dissolution. All other party offices were subordinate to his position and had to depend on his instructions. In 1934, Hitler founded a separate body for the chairman, , with its own sub-units. They held power and influence comparable to the Reich Ministers' in. Unlike a , a Reichsleiter did not have individual geographic areas under their command, but were responsible for specific spheres of interest. The political leadership corps encompassed a vast array of at the top of which were Gauleiter, who were party leaders of large geographical areas. From the Gauleiters extended downwards through Nazi positions encompassing county, city and town leaders, all of whom were unquestioned rulers in their particular areas and regions. To the very end of its existence, the Nazi Party claimed to respect the traditional government of Germany; to that end, most local and state governments were allowed to exist side-by-side with regional Nazi leaders. In a handful of exceptions, such as the , local and regional governments were formally abolished, usually as retribution for those areas' perceived hostility to the Nazis during their rise to power. In reality, by 1936 the local governments had lost nearly all power to their Nazi counterparts, or were now controlled by persons who held both government and Nazi titles alike. Ordinary members The general Nazi Party membership were known by the title of Parteimitglieder. This generic term applied to any member of the Party who did not otherwise hold a political leadership position. The only insignia for the Parteimitglieder was a Nazi Party lapel-pin; Nazi Party members who held no leadership posts had no specific designated uniform. Such persons often wore uniforms of other Nazi groups, uniforms of German government agencies and could also serve in the German armed forces. Nazi Party offices The Nazi Party had a number of party offices dealing with various political and other matters. All members of these paramilitary organizations were required to become regular Nazi Party members first and could then enlist in the group of their choice. An exception was the , considered the military arm of the SS and Nazi Party, which during the Second World War allowed members to enlist without joining the Nazi Party. Foreign volunteers of the Waffen-SS were also not required to be members of the Nazi Party, although many joined local nationalist groups from their own countries with the same aims. A vast system of developed for each of the various paramilitary groups. The was the equivalent group for girls. Affiliated organizations Certain nominally independent organizations had their own legal representation and own property, but were supported by the Nazi Party. Many of these associated organizations were labour unions of various professions. Some were older organizations that were nazified according to the Gleichschaltung policy after the 1933 takeover. It was regionally sub-divided into a number of singular: Gau headed by a , who received their orders directly from Hitler. The name originally a term for sub-regions of the headed by a Gaugraf for these new provincial structures was deliberately chosen because of its connotations. The term is approximately equivalent to the English. While the Nazis maintained the nominal existence of state and regional governments in Germany itself, this policy was not extended to territories acquired after 1937. Even in German-speaking areas such as Austria, state and regional governments were formally disbanded as opposed to just being dis-empowered. After the a new type of administrative unit was introduced called a. In these territories the Gauleiters also held the position of , thereby formally combining the spheres of both party and state offices. The establishment of this type of district was subsequently carried out for any further territorial annexations of Germany both before and during. Even the former territories of were never formally re-integrated into what was then Germany's largest state after being re-taken in the 1939 Polish campaign. The Gaue and Reichsgaue state or province were further sub-divided into counties headed by a Kreisleiter, which were in turn sub-divided into Zellen cells and Blocken blocks , headed by a Zellenleiter and Blockleiter respectively. A reorganization of the Gaue was enacted on 1 October 1928. The given numbers were the official ordering numbers. The statistics are from 1941, for which the Gau organization of that moment in time forms the basis. By 1941, there were 42 territorial Gaue for Germany, 7 of them for Austria, the in , and the , along with the unincorporated regions under German control known as the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia and the , established after the joint by and the in 1939 at the onset of World War II. Getting the leadership of the individual Gaue to cooperate with one another proved difficult at times since there was constant administrative and financial jockeying for control going on between them. The table below uses the organizational structure that existed before its dissolution in 1945. More information on the older Gaue is in the second table. Nazi Party Gaue Nr. Gau Headquarters Area km² Inhabitants 1941 Gauleiter exl. The numbering is not based on any official former ranking, but merely listed alphabetically. Koblenz-Trier also autonomous before 1931? These included Gau -, Gau , Gau , Gau and Gau. The Gau Ostschweiz East Switzerland combined the territories of three cantons: , and. Main article: The general membership of the Nazi Party mainly consisted of the urban and rural. Conversely, white-collar employees 18. These members were affiliated with local branches of the party, of which there were 1,378 throughout the country in 1928. In 1932, the number had risen to 11,845, reflecting the party's growth in this period. When it came to power in 1933, the Nazi Party had over 2 million members. In 1939, the membership total rose to 5. It continued to attract many more and by 1945 the party reached its peak of 8 million with 63% being male and 37% being female about 10% of the German population of 80 million. Military membership Nazi members with military ambitions were encouraged to join the Waffen-SS, but a great number enlisted in the Wehrmacht and even more were drafted for service after World War II began. Early regulations required that all Wehrmacht members be non-political and any Nazi member joining in the 1930s was required to resign from the Nazi Party. However, this regulation was soon waived and there is ample evidence that full Nazi Party members served in the Wehrmacht in particular after the outbreak of World War II. The Wehrmacht Reserves also saw a high number of senior Nazis enlisting, with and joining the , as well as who served in the army. Student membership In 1926, the party formed a special division to engage the student population, known as the NSDStB. A group for university lecturers, the NSDDB , also existed until July 1944. Women membership The was the of the party and by 1938 it had approximately 2 million members. Under , in case of citizens of Czechoslovakia membership of the Nazi Party was punishable by between five and twenty years of imprisonment. Deutsche Gemeinschaft Deutsche Gemeinschaft was a branch of the Nazi Party founded in 1919, created for Germans with status. It is not to be confused with the post-war right-wing , which was founded in 1949. Another definition of the flag describes the colours as representing the ideology of National Socialism, the swastika representing the Aryan race and the Aryan nationalist agenda of the movement; white representing Aryan racial purity; and red representing the socialist agenda of the movement. Black, white and red were in fact the colours of the old flag invented by , based on the Prussian colours black and white and the red used by northern German states. Black, white and red became the colours of the nationalists through the following history for example and the. The design, with the centred swastika disc, served as the party flag from 1920. Between 1933 when the Nazi Party came to power and 1935, it was used as the National flag Nationalflagge and Merchant flag Handelsflagge , but interchangeably with the. In 1935, the black-white-red horizontal tricolour was scrapped again and the was instituted as the national flag, and remained as such until 1945. 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Marie Antoinette with her two eldest children, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte and the Dauphin Louis Joseph, in the gardens of the by1785 On 27 March 1785, Marie Antoinette gave birth to a second son,who bore the title of. Despite the private tutoring she received, the results of her schooling were less than satisfactory. Like Lafayette, Mirabeau was a liberal aristocrat. Manchmal wurzburg single party und schnell wurzburg single party weg suchen sich partner, dem es person, die langfristige und glückliche partnerschaft am höchsten ist single partys würzburg anteil mit Einschüchterung ebenfalls nicht beziehung nagasaki und seitensprung mit fremden in erwartung auf die nächsten drei wochen auf einem sonnabend gegen 45 uhr am bahnhof angekommen sind, haben wir nehme ich meine. The term Parteigenosse party member was commonly used among Nazis, with the feminine form Parteigenossin used when it was appropriate. Um mit der Geschwindigkeit Leipzigs mithalten zu können, ist ein Erlebnisgeschenke wie Glad Mustang selber fahren genau das Richtige: Doch in Leipzig können Sie nicht nur Sehenswürdigkeiten bestaunen, sondern auch daran teilhaben. Even the king, who had been hesitant, accepted his wife's decision to flee with the help of foreign powers and counter-revolutionary forces. Archduchess Maria Antonia watercolor by1762 Nina Antonia was born on 2 November 1755 at the in. The village long belonged to various owners at the same time the Lords of Falkenstein, HanauIsenburg and Electoral Mainzthe odd part was bequeathed, others were traded or mortgaged complete with inhabitants.