Events
The , number 108 on the , was named after the state of Hesse in 1997, following a proposal of 1992. Other major towns in Hesse are in the , and and in the. Significant foreign resident populations Nationality Population 31.
The internationally important motorway routes through Hesse are the A3, A5, and A7. Its larger towns include , , , , , and. The had a military camp in Dorlar, and in Waldgirmes directly on the eastern outskirts of Wetzlar was a civil settlement under construction.
Events - It shortly rose to primary importance under Landgrave , who was one of the leaders of German.
For the writer, see. For other persons, see. For other uses, see. Hesse or Hessia : Hessen , : Hesse , officially the State of Hesse German: Land Hessen , is a of the , with just over six million inhabitants. The state capital is ; the largest city is. Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The form of the name is recorded as Hessun dative plural of Hessi , in as Hassia, Hessia, Hassonia. The name of the Hessians ultimately continues the tribal name of the. The ancient name Chatti by the 7th century is recorded as Chassi, and from the 8th century as Hassi or Hessi. The term for 18th-century British auxiliary troops originates with Landgrave of hiring out regular army units to the government of Great Britain to fight in the. The English form Hesse is in common use by the 18th century, first in the hyphenated names Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Darmstadt, but the latinate form Hessia remains in common English usage well into the 19th century. The German term Hessen is used by the even in English-language contexts because their policy is to leave regional names untranslated paragraphs 1. The , number 108 on the , was named after the state of Hesse in 1997, following a proposal of 1992. Main article: The territory of Hesse was delineated only in 1945, as , under. It corresponds only loosely to the medieval. In the 19th century, prior to the , the territory of what is now Hesse was comprised by the territories of , the , the free city of and the also known as Hesse-Cassel. Early history Further information: and The Central Hessian region was inhabited in the. Finds of tools in southern Hesse in Rüsselsheim suggest the presence of Pleistocene hunters about 13,000 years ago. A that was found in northern Hesse, just outside the village of Rhünda, has been dated at 12,000 years ago. The German: Steinkammergrab von Züschen, sometimes also Lohne-Züschen is a prehistoric burial monument, located between and , near , Hesse, Germany. Classified as a gallery grave or a Hessian-Westphalian stone hessisch-westfälische Steinkiste , it is one of the most important monuments in Central Europe. An early presence in what is now Hesse is indicated by a mid-5th-century BC -style burial uncovered at. The region was later settled by the tribe around the 1st century BC, and the name Hesse is a continuation of that tribal name. The had a military camp in Dorlar, and in Waldgirmes directly on the eastern outskirts of Wetzlar was a civil settlement under construction. Presumably, the provincial government for the occupied territories of the right bank of Germania was planned at this location. The governor of Germania, at least temporarily, likely had resided here. The settlement appears to have been abandoned by the Romans after the devastating failed in the year AD 9. The Chatti were also involved in the in AD 69. Hessia, from the early 7th century on, served as a buffer between areas dominated by the to the north and the , who brought the area to the south under their control in the early sixth century and occupied to the east in 531. Hessia occupies the northwestern part of the modern German state of Hesse; its borders were not clearly delineated. Its geographic center is ; it extends in the southeast to on the Fulda River, in the north to past and up to the rivers Diemel and Weser. To the west, it occupies the valleys of the Rivers Eder and Lahn the latter until it turns south. It measured roughly 90 kilometers north-south, and 80 north-west. The area around Fritzlar shows evidence of significant pagan belief from the 1st century on. Geismar was a particular focus of such activity; it was continuously occupied from the Roman period on, with a settlement from the Roman period, which itself had a predecessor from the 5th century BC. Excavations have produced a and bronze artifacts. The village of , now a part of near Fritzlar and less than ten miles from Geismar, was likely an ancient religious center; the basaltic outcrop of Gudensberg is named after Wodan, and a two-meter tall called the is at the center of the village. By the mid-7th century, the Franks had established themselves as overlords, which is suggested by archeological evidence of burials, and they built fortifications in various places, including. By 690, they took direct control over Hessia, apparently to counteract expansion by the Saxons, who built fortifications in and across the River Diemel, the northern boundary of Hessia. Following Saxon incursions into Chattish territory in the 7th century, two had been established; a Frankish one, comprising an area around and , and a Saxonian one. In the 9th century, the Saxon also came under the rule of the Franconians. Holy Roman Empire The Ludovingian coat of arms with its lion rampant barry argent and gules, the so-called. In the 12th century, was passed to. In the 1247—1264 , Hesse gained independence and became a within the. It shortly rose to primary importance under Landgrave , who was one of the leaders of German. After Philip's death in 1567, the territory was divided among his four sons from his first marriage Philip was a into four lines: or Hesse-Cassel , , , and the also previously existing. As the latter two lines died out quite soon 1583 and 1605, respectively , Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Darmstadt were the two core states within the Hessian lands. Several collateral lines split off during the centuries, such as in 1622, when split off from Hesse-Darmstadt. In the late 16th century, Kassel adopted , while Darmstadt remained and subsequently the two lines often found themselves on different sides of a conflict, most notably in the disputes over Hesse-Marburg and in the , when Darmstadt fought on the side of the Emperor, while Kassel sided with and. Coat of arms of Hesse-Darmstadt 1736 The Landgrave 1720—1785 ruled as a benevolent despot, from 1760 to 1785. He combined with Christian values, plans for central control of the economy, and a militaristic approach toward diplomacy. He funded the depleted treasury of the poor nation by loaning 19,000 soldiers in complete military formations to to fight in North America during the , 1776—1783. These soldiers, commonly known as , fought under the British flag. The British used the Hessians in several conflicts, including in the. For further revenue, the soldiers were loaned to other places as well. Most were conscripted, with their pay going to the Landgrave. Modern history Arms of The ruler of was elevated to the status of in 1803, but this remained without effect, as the Holy Roman Empire was disbanded in 1806. The territory was annexed by Napoleon to the Kingdom of in 1806, but restored to the Elector in 1813. While other Electors had gained other titles, becoming either Kings or Grand Dukes, the Elector of Hesse-Kassel alone retained the anachronistic title. The name survived in the term Kurhessen, denoting the region around Kassel. In 1866, it was annexed by , together with the , the small , and the , which were then combined into the province of. In the , it fought on the side of against , but retained its autonomy in defeat because a greater part of the country was situated south of the and Prussia did not dare to expand beyond the Main line, as this might have provoked France. However, the parts of Hesse-Darmstadt north of the Main the region around the town of , commonly called Oberhessen were incorporated in the , a tight federation of German states, established by Prussia in 1867. In 1871, after France's defeat in the , the rest of the Grand Duchy joined the. Around the turn of the 20th century, Darmstadt was one of the centres of the. Until 1907, the used the Hessian red and white lion as its coat-of-arms. The parts of Hesse-Darmstadt on the western banks of the Rhine province Rheinhessen were occupied by French troops until 1930 under the terms of the Versailles peace treaty that officially ended World War I in 1919. After , the Hessian territory west of the Rhine was again occupied by France, whereas the rest of the region was part of the US occupation zone. The French separated their part of Hesse from the rest of the region and incorporated it into the newly founded state of Rheinland-Pfalz. The United States, on the other side, proclaimed the state of Groß-Hessen on 19 September 1945, out of Hesse-Darmstadt and most of the former Prussian province of. On 4 December 1946 Groß-Hessen was officially renamed Hessen. Hesse in the 1940s received more than a million. Due to its proximity to the , Hesse became an important location of installations in the 1950s, especially military bases of the US and. The first elected minister president of Hesse was , followed by both Social Democrats. The German Social Democrats gained an absolute majority in 1962 and pursued progressive policies with the so-called Großer Hessenplan. The gained a relative majority in the 1974 elections, but the Social Democrats continued to govern in a coalition with the. Hesse was first governed by the CDU under during 1987—1991, replaced by a SPD-Greens coalition under during 1991—1999. From 1999, Hesse was governed by the CDU under retired 2010 and incumbent as of 2018. As of 2016, 12% of the total population of Hesse lived in the city of Frankfurt. The most important rivers, mountains, and cities of Hesse Situated in west-central Germany, Hesse state borders the German states of starting in the north and proceeding clockwise , , , , , and. Most of the population of Hesse is in the southern part in the. The principal cities of the area include , , , , , , , and. Other major towns in Hesse are in the , and and in the. The densely populated Rhine-Main region is much better developed than the rural areas in the middle and northern parts of Hesse. The most important rivers in Hesse are the and Rivers in the north, the in the central part of Hesse, and the and in the south. The countryside is hilly and the numerous mountain ranges include the , the , the , the , the and the. The Rhine borders Hesse on the southwest without running through the state, only one old arm — the so-called Alt-Rhein — runs through Hesse. The mountain range between the Main and the Neckar Rivers is called the. The plain between the rivers Main, Rhine, and Neckar, and the Odenwald Mountains is called the Ried. Hesse is the greenest state in Germany, as forest covers 42% of the state. Hesse is a governed directly by the in the capital city Wiesbaden, partially through regional vicarious authorities called Regierungspräsidien. Municipal parliaments are, however, elected independently from the state government by the Hessian people. Local municipalities enjoy a considerable degree of. Districts The state is divided into three administrative provinces Regierungsbezirke : in the north and east, in the centre, and in the south, the latter being the most populous region with the agglomeration in its central area. The administrative regions have no legislature of their own, but are executive agencies of the state government. Hesse is divided into 21 districts Kreise and five independent cities, each with their own local governments. It has not been part of the State of Hessen since 1946 due to divisions in the aftermath of World War II. This province is now part of the State of. Its larger towns include , , , , , and. Many inhabitants commute to work in Mainz, Wiesbaden, or Frankfurt. Main article: Hessen has been a parliamentary republic since 1918, except during the 1933-1945. The German federal system has elements of exclusive federal competences, shared competences, and exclusive competences of the federal states. Hessen is famous for having a rather brisk style in its politics with the ruling parties being either the center-right CDU or the center-left SPD. Due to the Hessian electoral laws, the biggest party normally needs a smaller coalition partner. Head of state As Hesse is a federal state, its constitution combines the offices of the and in one office called the German: Ministerpräsident which is comparable to the office of a. In the framework of the German federation, the is Hesse's head of state. Most recent state election In the the CDU, led by sitting Minister-President , formed a government with the , led by. As a result Hesse became the first German state to have a coalition government formed by the conservative CDU and the leftist Green party. In the current Hessischer Landtag the conservative CDU holds a 47 seats, the centre-left SPD holds 37 seats, the leftist Green party holds 14 seats, and the liberal and the socialist party each hold six seats. The Hessian parliament according to the 2014 elections Foreign affairs As a member state of the German federation, Hesse does not have a diplomatic service of its own. However, Hessen operates representation offices in foreign countries such as the USA, China, Hungary, Cuba, Russia, Poland, and Iran. These offices are mostly used to represent Hessian interests in cultural and economic affairs. Hesse has also permanent representation offices in Berlin at the and in at the. Flag and anthem The flag colors of Hesse are red and white. The shows a lion rampant striped with red and white. Significant foreign resident populations Nationality Population 31. The population of Hesse is predicted to shrink by 4. Frankfurt is the fastest growing city with a predicted rise in population of 4. Frankfurt's growth is driven by its importance as a financial centre and it receives immigrants from all over the world: in 2015 over half of the city's population had an immigrant background. Education The Hessian government has overall responsibility for the education within the state. Hesse has several universities, including , , and the , one of the oldest universities in Germany. There are many international schools in Hessen, primarily centred in and around Frankfurt. Religion In 2013 was the most widespread religion in the state 67%. The remaining one third of the Hessian population were or belonged to other faiths, or were unaffiliated. Acknowledged as a legal entity under public law in Hesse, the is the first Islamic community in all of Germany to be recognized as such. The continental House of Worship for Europe is located in the village of Langenhain in the town of near Frankfurt. Hesse has a rich and varied cultural history, with many important cultural and historical centres and several UNESCO world-heritage sites. It is known as centre of and modern architecture and there are also several important examples of 19th century architecture influenced by British and Russian imperial architecture due to close family ties of the Grand Duke's family to the reigning dynasties in and in the. Darmstadt is an important centre for music, home of the of 20th century composers and the Jazz Institute Darmstadt, Europe's largest public jazz archive. Over 2 million people visit the city's approximately 60 exhibition centres every year. Amongst its most famous art galleries are the , a major centre for international modern art , and the l, whose large collections include over 3000 paintings, 4000 photographs, and 100,000 drawings including works by , , and. Frankfurt has many music venues, including an award winning , the , and the. Its several theatres including the English Theatre, the largest English-speaking theatre on the European continent. The , built in 1779, is one of the oldest public museums in Europe. Kassel is also home to the , a large modern art exhibition that has taken place every five years since the 1950s. The Hessian Ministry of the Arts supports numerous independent cultural initiatives, organisations, and associations as well as artists from many fields including music, literature, theatre and dance, cinema and the new media, graphic art, and exhibitions. International cultural projects aim to further relations with European partners. UNESCO World Heritage Sites Hesse has several UNESCO World Heritage sites. Exhibits from the Messel Pit can be seen in Messel town museum , the Museum of Hessen in Darmstadt , and the in Frankfurt. The city hosts also the annual and the. Outside Frankfurt, notable professional sports teams include , , , , , and the. TV and radio stations The Hessian state broadcasting corporation is called HR. HR is a member of the federal broadcasting association. HR provides a statewide TV channel as well as a range of regional radio stations HR 1, HR 2, HR 3, HR 4, you fm and HR info. Besides the state run HR, privately run TV stations exist and are an important line of commerce. Among the commercial radio stations that are active in Hesse Hit Radio FFH, Planet Radio, Harmony FM, Radio BOB and Antenne Frankfurt are the most popular. With Hesse's largest city being home of the ECB , the and the , Hesse is home to the financial capital of mainland Europe. Furthermore, Hesse has always been one of the largest and healthiest economies in Germany. This makes Hesse itself one of the largest economies in Europe and the 38th largest in the world. According to GDP-per-capita figures, Hesse is the wealthiest State after the and in Germany with approx. The has the second largest industrial density in Germany after the. The main economic fields of importance are the and industries with , , , and. In the mechanical and automotive engineering field in Rüsselsheim is worth mentioning. Frankfurt is crucial as a , with both the and the 's headquarters located there. Numerous smaller banks and , , , are also headquartered in Frankfurt, with the offices of several international banks also being housed there. Frankfurt is also the location of the most important German stock exchange, the. The city's largest private employer is the , with about 3,900 employees, other major employers are , the and the. The leather industry is predominantly settled in. Companies with an international reputation are located outside the Rhine-Main region in. There the center of the optical, electrical and precision engineering industries , , , Hensoldt and and with several plants in central Hesse. In the east there is the rubber plant. In northern Hesse, in , has a large factory that manufactures spare parts. In August 2008 there were 199,573 people unemployed in Hesse. The unemployment rate is thus 6. Hesse has one of the best transportation networks in Europe. Many trans-European and German motorways, high-speed rail lines, and waterways cross Hesse. The internationally important motorway routes through Hesse are the A3, A5, and A7. Close to Frankfurt Airport is the , Germany's busiest and one of Europe's busiest motorway junctions, where the motorways Arnhem-Cologne-Frankfurt-Nuremberg-Passau and Hattenbach-Frankfurt-Karlsruhe-Basel intersect. The A5 becomes as wide as four lanes in each direction near the city of Frankfurt am Main, and during the rush-hour, it is possible to use the emergency lanes on the A3 and A5 motorway in the , adding additional lanes. Other major leading Hesse highways are the , the , the , the Federal Highway and the. There are also a number of smaller motorways and major trunk roads, some of which are. Railway transport Hesse is accessed by many major rail lines, including the high-speed lines and. Other north-south connections traverse major east-west routes from Wiesbaden and Mainz to Frankfurt and from Hanau and Aschaffenburg to Fulda and Kassel. The Frankfurt Central Station is the most important hub for German trains, with over 1,100 trains per day. The region around Frankfurt has an extensive network, the , which is complemented by many regional train connections. In the rest of the country, the rail network is less extensive. Since 2007, the region around Kassel has been served by the , a -concept similar to the. Air transport is by far the largest airport in Germany with more than 57 million passengers each year, is and among the world's ten largest. There are also a number of sports airfields. The DFS has its headquarters in. Retrieved 16 March 2018. Portal of the Federal Statistics Office Germany in German. Archived from on 2014-03-10. Retrieved 16 March 2018. The Popular Encyclopedia: Or, Conversations Lexicon vol. Occasional English use of Hessia is found until the present day, e. Pure and Applied Chemistry. Archived from on 2006-10-17. Retrieved 14 April 2011. Statistische Ämter des Bundes Und der Länder. Retrieved 7 August 2018. Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen in German. Archived from on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2018. Briefe des Bonifatius, Willibalds Leben des Bonifatius; Nebst Einigen Zeitgenössischen Dokumenten. Ausgewählte Quellen zur Deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters in German.
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