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For Infos visit the Homepage: www. However, in that case, if a high degree of bio waste separation is achieved, the collection frequency for residual waste would be lower, compensating partially for the increase of costs. The experience gained with recycling incentive schemes shows that they can be considered a BEMP, due to their performance and costs, but cannot be benchmarked against PAYT due to their different scope and applicability. In producing businesses this was 2,427, and in trade and 1,067.
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However, the establishment and operation of PAYT systems can require significant resource inputs from municipalities. In this paper, PAYT is analysed through a case study from the German County of Aschaffenburg, covering nearly 20 years of implementation across 32 municipalities with 173,000 inhabitants. We conclude that PAYT could make an important contribution towards material reuse and recycling objectives for the new circular economy. The aim of an economic instrument is to persuade waste producers to divert waste from landfill or incineration towards material recovery, in order to optimise the use of resources while contributing to the costs of the waste management service. Economic instruments are implemented through national or regional waste policies, such as waste disposal taxes landfill tax, incineration tax, product levies, etc. Most of these measures fall outside the scope of local governments. Technical implementation of the PAYT approach is based on the following three pillars: identification of the waste generator, measurement of the amount of waste sent for treatment, and unit pricing, e. The PAYT approach means that a substantial part of the overall fee is allocated according to the amount of waste collected in order to motivate waste prevention and recovery. This last approach can be combined with volume- and weight-based schemes. Common volume-based schemes, in which citizens pay for a specific size of container, may result in payments not corresponding with weight because containers are often only partially filled upon collection. The pre-paid sack system is commonly considered to be a volume-based system, although sacks are usually filled so that the volume and weight of a sack is relatively constant in relation to the fee paid per sack. The County of Aschaffenburg The County of Aschaffenburg consists of 32 municipalities and has about 173,000 inhabitants and a population density of 247 inhabitants per km 2. Until the early 1990s, untreated waste was landfilled. As the landfill neared its capacity limit, a new site was sought. However, public acceptance of a new landfill was very low, resulting in protests. Thus, the county switched from waste disposal by landfilling to waste management with the target of preventing and recycling waste. Following initial trials during 1994 to 1996 in the municipality of Stockstadt, the county rolled out a PAYT system in 1997. The success of the PAYT system in the County of Aschaffenburg is replicated in other Germany counties e. However, its early adoption and the availability of a long data time series on waste management performance makes the County of Aschaffenburg an excellent PAYT case study and benchmark, as described in this paper. PAYT as a Best Environmental Management Practice A best environmental management practice, BEMP, is defined by the European Commission Regulation EC No. A BEMP should minimise the environmental impact of organisational operations in a technically feasible and economically viable manner that is widely applicable across relevant organisations. In this context, a benchmark of excellence is defined as the performance of frontrunners implementing best practice, whereas key performance indicators are used to report the performance of BEMPs and to quantify benchmarks of excellence. In the case of PAYT schemes, two key performance indicators are proposed. PAYT schemes are designed to increase the amount of recovered recyclable materials from municipal solid waste, so their implementation should increase values for this indicator. This is the amount of waste that the system user disposes in the residual waste bin. For practical recording reasons, this definition excludes the amount of waste rejected in recycling or sorting plants from the separately collected recyclable waste fraction s or illegally disposed waste. Specifically, we concluded that BEMP is a PAYT system comprised of a weight-based door-to-door collection of residual, organic, and bulky waste. The successful implementation of an efficient PAYT system requires well-developed infrastructure to collect different fractions of recyclable waste in a convenient manner for citizens, either in individual bins outside their homes or in conveniently located centralized or mobile collection points. Awareness raising is also a key element for effective PAYT implementation; informed citizens understand and support the scheme. The highest recycling rates and lowest residual waste quantities are achieved with weight-based systems when they are accompanied by well-developed infrastructure and supported by waste-aware citizens. This is the case in Aschaffenburg, which we now report in more detail as a best practice case study. Aim While PAYT is well known and has been implemented in many municipalities around Europe during the last ten years, there is a lack of detailed case studies published in the literature. To address this gap, we describe the 20-year implementation of PAYT in the County of Aschaffenburg, providing full disclosure on the initial aims, operational details, environmental performance, and economic aspects. The primary intention of this paper is to demonstrate successful implementation of PAYT as a best practice under specific conditions of applicability, acknowledging that PAYT is not always the most appropriate option depending on pre-existing infrastructure and public awareness. Implementation of the System The County of Aschaffenburg implements a weight-based collection of residual waste, bio waste, and bulky waste, as well as the separate collection of paper from all households. In addition, woody fractions are sent to biomass-fired power plants, residual waste is incinerated according to Best Available Technique BAT standards, bio waste is anaerobically digested, and subsidies are provided to households for home composting and for using re-usable nappies, and to households with incontinent persons. Initiation of the Aschaffenburg PAYT system required considerable effort to acquire and process data for billing, accounting, and system optimisation purposes. The data collection and processing scheme employed is illustrated in. All bins and containers need to be coded and collection trucks are equipped with a reading device and a weighing device. Data are transferred to a central facility via telemetry in real time, where processing, accounting, and the billing of end users occurs. Aschaffenburg also uses the collected data to measure the economic efficiency of the system and to optimise the logistics of the system. All waste bins are equipped with a chip that can be read by a transponder, whereas the bar code reader see is only for the delivery and return of the bins. An example of a bar code is given in and examples of the chips are shown in. For densely populated areas and high-rise buildings, access to container systems is restricted to assigned users. The owner or operator of high-rise buildings can opt for 1100 L containers for the whole community or for individual bins for each household in the building. The choice would always depend on the available space for individual containers. The experience in Aschaffenburg is that high-rise buildings with individual bins produce significantly less waste compared to buildings with large shared bins. In the case of shared bins, locks for bins are an optional service offered by the County and are intended to avoid misuse of bins by unauthorized users. Experience shows that increased maintenance costs are compensated by the increased rates of collection for recyclable fractions. Also, socioeconomic factors and environmental awareness appear to be important for PAYT success within a specific locality. Environmental Performance clearly illustrates the drastic change in waste management performance within the county. The introduction of a weight-based PAYT system across Aschaffenburg in 1997 was followed by a significant increase in the collection of recyclable waste and a large decrease in residual waste disposal. The 86% recycling rate in Aschaffenburg is considered to be a benchmark of excellence for the waste management sector. The main differentiating factors in this specific case are: - visualises the change in quantities of residual waste and total waste disposed plus separately collected recyclable waste on a per capita basis from 1995 to 2013 for the County of Aschaffenburg and for Germany overall. The timing and magnitude of the decrease in residual waste in Aschaffenburg strongly suggest that the implementation of PAYT was a major driving force. However, the influences of other mechanisms implemented at local level, such as awareness raising and the development of better infrastructure for waste sorting and recycling, will also have been significant and were not an inherent component of PAYT per se. In any case, the stabilisation of residual waste quantities at a low level confirms the enduring effect of PAYT and associated infrastructure, given that initial awareness raising activities following PAYT implementation were not sustained. It is important to remark that, as with many other best practices in waste management, it is not possible to isolate the impact of a single technique from accompanying measures implemented simultaneously. Nonetheless, the specific case of Aschaffenburg is striking in the magnitude and immediacy of the impact following PAYT implementation, making it an outstanding exemplar of probable PAYT performance. Comparison with the German average performance over the same period indicates that wider socioeconomic conditions and societal awareness of waste management may have made a small contribution to reduced residual waste quantities in County Aschaffenburg. The total waste generated and the residual waste quantities were considerably smaller for Aschaffenburg than for Germany overall in 1995, before PAYT had been introduced. Over the same period, German average residual waste quantity declined by 19%. In order to estimate the greenhouse gas GHG savings associated with PAYT implementation, we conservatively reflected on only the following effects, using the quantities presented in the last column of ; the reduction in residual waste incineration and the increased recycling rates of paper and cardboard, mixed plastics, food waste, and construction materials. We did not consider any waste prevention effect beyond this, in part owing to the difficulty of defining appropriate quantities and counterfactual fates of individual fractions e. Owing to lack of early data on commercial waste, we could not accurately represent any change in this waste stream. The AZV processes the residual and bulky wastes of the Counties of Goettingen, Northeim, and Osterode am Harz, and of the City of Goettingen, with about 490,000 inhabitants in total. It was assumed that food waste recycling occurred via anaerobic digestion, which does not derive an avoided food production credit, but does derive an energy credit, calculated based on a net electricity output of 0. To avoid double counting with additional recycling credits, and to reflect the apparent waste prevention component of residual waste reduction, these calculations were only made for the change in residual waste not already accounted for by the increase in separated fractions. At the municipality level 173,000 inhabitants , this translates into a GHG saving of 15,716 tonnes CO 2e per year. In 2013, the waste management fee in Aschaffenburg was lower than the fee before 1997 —despite the additional activities and equipment associated with PAYT implementation including the separate collection of the different fractions, the erection of facilities to recycle or to recover waste streams, weighing equipment, etc. However, waste management costs vary greatly from one municipality to another and over time, based on a multitude of factors. In 1999, the waste management fee had to be increased by 10%, as the management costs until that time had not considered the whole county. In 2000, there was another increase of 10% to pay for sanitation measures on the legacy landfill. But from 2002 to 2013, the fee significantly decreased by about 23%, even though the county further invested in the anaerobic digestion of bio waste, collection centres, weighed collection of green cuttings, and other measures. In 2015, the waste fee again decreased by 10%. These are the costs that usually have to be passed on to citizens in the form of annual waste fees. Thus, high environmental performance is not necessarily associated with high unrecovered costs. Discussion The implementation of PAYT in the County of Aschaffenburg is representative of a best environmental management practice, as the weight-based system produced particularly high collection rates of recyclable materials. The implementation of PAYT schemes, along with the development of appropriate infrastructure, awareness raising, and other Circular Economy policies, would help to achieve such demanding objectives. Other types of waste collection have so far failed to achieve the same levels of landfill diversion and waste recycling. For instance, the amount of residual waste produced in Germany per capita per year has been very stable for the last ten years. It is acknowledged within Circular Economy policies that local waste management organisations are crucial to the realisation of ambitious waste recovery objectives. Some recent examples of PAYT implementation in Italy have been reported to have achieved high recycling rates and low residual waste quantities. Pre-paid sack systems show a significant decrease in the quantity of residual waste, but the achievable figures are lower compared to optimum weight-based systems, such as that implemented in Aschaffenburg; i. The applicability of PAYT is likely to be affected by geographical considerations. For instance, in a country with a hot climate, the collection frequency for bio waste has to be higher for hygiene reasons, which may be associated with higher collection costs. However, in that case, if a high degree of bio waste separation is achieved, the collection frequency for residual waste would be lower, compensating partially for the increase of costs. Under certain circumstances, the legislative framework is not compatible with the development of PAYT schemes. A well-studied alternative to PAYT in the UK that avoids legal barriers is the implementation of recycling incentive schemes. They consist of payments or rewards given to users to encourage people to recycle more, typically consisting of vouchers paid to individuals or communities, or waste management fee refunds paid back to individuals. The experience gained with recycling incentive schemes shows that they can be considered a BEMP, due to their performance and costs, but cannot be benchmarked against PAYT due to their different scope and applicability. Finally, in the example of the County of Aschaffenburg, it is remarkable that, despite the very low quantities of residual waste achieved, the implementation of PAYT did not appear to have a significant effect on the long-term total amount of waste generated and managed by the county. This has been recorded previously for other examples of PAYT. In other words, significant waste prevention cannot be achieved through PAYT implementation, but requires other policies developed at the national or regional level e. Morlok is responsible for municipal waste management in the County of Aschaffenburg and has provided the data shown in the paper and provided feedback on the text. Galvez-Martos have drafted the text and performed the analysis of the received data and the literature review. Zeschmar-Lahl has coordinated and led the work, contributed to the text, provided feedback, and proof-read the article before submission. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Available online: accessed on 5 September 2016. Effectiveness of unit-based pricing of waste in the Netherlands: Applying a general equilibrium model. Cost savings in unit-based pricing of household waste: The case of the Netherlands. 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Available online: accessed on 5 September 2016. Erfahrungen bei der Einfuehrung Eines Identsystems mit Verwiegung Experiences with the Introduction of an Identification System with Weighing. Available online: accessed on 5 September 2016. In German Available online: accessed on 5 September 2016. Available online: accessed on 10 January 2017. Available online: accessed on 15 December 2014. Orientierende Restmuellanalyse Abfallzweckverband Suedniedersachsen. Report Prepared by Witzenhausen Institut, 2012. Available online: accessed on 23 September 2016. UK Government Conversion Factors for Company Reporting, 2016. Available online: accessed on 12 October 2016. Environmental balance of the UK biogas sector: An evaluation by consequential life cycle assessment. Document on the Fee Calculation with All Figures Used after Introducing the Weight-Based System In German. Available online: accessed on 5 September 2016. Do the variable charges really increase the effectiveness and economy of waste management? A case study of the Czech Republic. Abfallwirtschaftliche Gesamtkosten Total Costs for Waste Management ; IA GmbH: Munich, Germany, 2015. Available online: accessed on 6 September 2016. Investigating the Impact of Recycling Incentive Schemes. Available online: accessed on 6 September 2016. Waste Not Want Not: Sweden to Give Tax Breaks for Repairs. Available online: accessed on 17 December 2016. GHG savings attributable to the reduced incineration of residual waste and the additional recycling of separated waste fractions between 1995 and 2000 in the County of Aschaffenburg, based on the absolute changes in waste volumes and changes relative to estimated business-as-usual , accounting for raw material substitution effects. GHG savings attributable to the reduced incineration of residual waste and the additional recycling of separated waste fractions between 1995 and 2000 in the County of Aschaffenburg, based on the absolute changes in waste volumes and changes relative to estimated business-as-usual , accounting for raw material substitution effects. Special waste hazardous waste in small quantities Mobile collection, twice a year in each municipality 46 stopping points Year-round acceptance of small quantities in the district recycling yard Collection centres Waste metal, waste wood, flat glass, cans, hollow glass, waste paper, rubble, electrical appliances IT and entertainment devices , non-ferrous metals, CDs, corks, used cooking oils, PU foam cans, and textiles Table 2. Quantities of waste fractions arising in Aschaffenburg in 1995 and 2000, before and after the implementation of PAYT, and estimated counterfactual business-as-usual BAU quantities of waste fractions arising in 2000, based on the average reduction in residual waste in Germany over that period. Quantities of waste fractions arising in Aschaffenburg in 1995 and 2000, before and after the implementation of PAYT, and estimated counterfactual business-as-usual BAU quantities of waste fractions arising in 2000, based on the average reduction in residual waste in Germany over that period.
She is survived by her children, J. Article 1 CISG states that the parties must have their single party aschaffenburg of business in different. Erfahrungen bei der Einfuehrung Eines Identsystems mit Verwiegung Caballeros with the Introduction of an Identification System with Weighing. As a child she remembered members of her extended family disappearing in the Holocaust, and she often remarked that she was about the same age as Anne Frank. Fußgängerzone Aschaffenburg also has a pedestrian shopping zone Fußgängerzone in Limbo closed to motor vehicles, except for deliveries. In 1817 it was included within Bavarian. Bin ab Montag in Eckernførde am Arbeiten. In other words, significant waste prevention cannot be achieved through PAYT implementation, but requires other policies developed at the national or regional level e. Too thereafter, she moved to Princeton, New Jersey.