СРЕДНЕВЕКОВАЯ АНГЛИЙСКАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА 14
Однако в его теории материалистические элементы не получили дальнейшего развития, а его свободомыслие ограничилось деистическими рамками и не отличалось воинствующей антицерковностью. Уже тогда стали известны eгo «Нравы Растеряевой улицы». Так, выставки художников-передвижников, первая из которых была организована в 1871 г.
Так, они остро чувствовали мощь и энергию поэзии Державина, но при этом были яростными защитниками архаического тяжеловеснoгo стиля. Он хотел сделать английский язык прекрасным, уходящим корнями к древним традициям. Статья, из-за которой шел спор, появилась в печати, и разрыв стал неизбежен.
СРЕДНЕВЕКОВАЯ АНГЛИЙСКАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА 14 - Однако значительно выросло число театров и театральных трупп в провинциальных городах России, появился новый демократический зритель, главным образом из разночинской среды.
In Britain, the 19 th century is traditionally called the Victorian age. Victorian is a descriptive term for the time when Victoria was Queen of England, from 1837 to 1901. The Victorian period of England is known as a time of industrial progress, colonial expansion, and английская литература 19 века реферат fastidiousness in morals. The Victorian period in the United States had many of the same characteristics. Stevenson Books for children: L. Stoker Detective fiction: Conan Doyle Drama: B. Wilde 1809-1892 Alfred Tennyson was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire. Alfred began to write poetry at an early age in the style of Lord Byron. Tennyson studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he joined the literary club. Tennyson was very popular in his own time: he was poet laureate of Britain for over 40 years. Tennyson was buried in английская литература 19 века реферат Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. He was educated at home where he had access to his father's extensive library. At an early age he was inspired by the work of английская литература 19 века реферат poets such as Byron, Keats and Shelley. In 1845 he began corresponding with Elizabeth Barrett after reading and enjoying some of her poems. The couple eventually married in secret and then eloped to Italy in 1846. Although quintessentially a Victorian poet, Browning's work was hugely influential in heralding in modernism. After his wife's death in 1861 Browning returned to England and continued to write poetry. Robert Browning is buried in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, London, England. His memorial stone is made from Italian marble and porphyry. Young Elizabeth benefited from a privileged life in the country. Although frail at times, she still enjoyed physical pursuits like riding her pony and attending social gatherings with family and friends. Similar to her future husband Robert Browning, she was a voracious reader. The love that Browning's had for each other has been much celebrated. Her husband survived her by twenty-eight years. Born in London the son of an admiral, he was educated in France, Eton and Balliol College Oxford, although he failed to graduate. Swinburne continued to write continuously and his output was truly impressive. He also took up literary criticism and wrote on Baudelaire, Blake, Hugo, Byron and many others. The criticism was variable in quality and ranged from incisive erudition to simply unjustified attacks. He remained with Watts-Dunton in Putney until his death in 1909. He was a prolific writer of poetry, plays and novels. Young Rudyard's earliest years in Bombay were blissfully happy. But at the age of five he was sent to England, where he was desperately unhappy. When he was twelve he went to the College at Westward, where the Headmaster fostered his literary ability. Kipling come back to India when he was 17. At 21 he published his first book of poems. A year later he wrote a book of short stories about India. Between 1887 and 1899, Kipling visited many countries. During that time he wrote some of his best works. I n 1907 he had accepted the Nobel Prize for Literature. Schoolboy Lyrics 1881 The Man Who Would Be King 1888 The Light that Failed 1890 The Ballad of East and West The Light That Failed 1891 Life's Handicap 1891 Barrackroom Ballads 1892 Tommy 1892 Gunga Din 1892 Many Inventions 1893 The Jungle Book 1894 The Second Jungle Book 1895 If 1895 The Seven Seas 1896 Captains Courageous 1897 The Day's Work 1898 A Fleet in Being 1898 Kim 1901 Just So Stories 1902 Puck of Pook's Hill 1906 Rewards and Fairies 1910 1849-1903 William Ernest Henley was an English poet, critic and editor. Henley was born at Gloucester and educated at the Crypt Grammar School. At the age of 12 Henley became a victim of tuberculosis of the bone. After his recovery Henley earned his living in publishing. Henley collaborated with Robert Louise Stevenson four plays and wrote several volumes of poetry. He spent his early years first as a draughtsman for the Zoological Society, then as an artist for the British Museum. He published accounts of his trips to Italy, Albania and Corsica. He also visited the Holy Land and Greece. He is chiefly remembered for his nonsense poetry, the first volume of which was written for his patron's grandchildren in 1846 and was simply entitled A Book of Nonsense. It contained Lear's favourite poetic format, the limerick, and was illustrated throughout. His poetry was henceforth marked by an air of ludicrous fantasy, as well as a unique inventiveness. Since his death, appreciation of his artistic work, the water-colours in particular, has risen. After his father died he was sent to England. He was educated at Charterhouse and at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1837 Thackeray started his career as a hard working journalist. In the 1840s Thackeray started to gain name as a writer. Thackeray also began writing novels and in 1844 Fraser's Magazine serialized Barry Lyndon. Although a successful novelist, Thackeray continued to write articles for journals such as Punch Magazine. In 1859 he became editor of the Cornhill Magazine, a monthly literary journal published by George Smith. He died suddenly on Christmas Eve 1863 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. He mocked and denounced the social evils of Victorian England as well as showing humour and pathos. Dickens told a good story without fear of sentimentalizing his characters. Dickens, a man of keen social conscience, used his books to portray the suffering of the working class at the time of the Industrial Revolution. He created many memorable characters, including Bob Cratchit, Fagin, Urian Heep, Jacob Marley and Samuel Pickwick. His sentimentality and caricature are still widely appreciated, and many of hic characters, with their unusual names, have entered popular folklore. Dickens established and made profitable the method of first publishing novels in serial installments in monthly magazines. He thereby reached a larger audience including those who could only afford their reading on such an installment plan. This form of publication soon became popular with other writers in Britain and the United States. Charles Dickens Novels The Pickwick Papers 1837 Oliver Twist 1838 The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby 1839 The Old Curiosity Shop 1841 Barnaby Rudge A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty 1841 Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit 1844 Dombey and Son 1848 David Copperfield 1850 Bleak House 1853 Hard Times 1854 Little Dorrit 1857 A Tale of Two Cities 1859 Great Expectations 1861 Our Mutual Friend 1865 The Mystery of Edwin Drood - unfinished; 1870 1816-1855 Charlotte Brontë was born at Thornton, Yorkshire, the third child of six. The Reverend was later appointed as curate in the small village of Haworth on the Yorkshire Mores where Charlotte spent most of her life. In 1848, devastated by the loss of her 3 remaining siblings, she became dependent upon famous editors and friends for support. In 1854 she married and in 1855 at the age of 39, she died from tuberculosis and pregnancy complications. Emily was born at Thornton in Yorkshire, the younger sister of Charlotte Brontë and the fifth of six children. In 1837, Emily commenced work as a governess at Law Hill, near Halifax. Later, with her sister Charlotte, she attended college in Brussels. It was the discovery of Emily's poetic talent by her family that led her and her sisters, Charlotte and Anne, to publish a joint collection of their poetry in 1845. Owning to the prejudices on female writers, all three used male pseudonyms, Emily's being Ellis Bell. Although it received mixed reviews when it first came out, the book subsequently became an English literary classic. Like her sisters, Emily's constitution had been weakened by their harsh life at home and at school. She died on December 19, 1848 of tuberculosis. Born in 1819, she spent the first twenty years of her life receiving an evangelical education and managing her father's household after her mother's death. Then she moved to Coventry and turned toward translating and journalism. After several years in London, she met George Henry Lewes, a man-of-letters estranged from his wife with no possibility of divorce. Notoriously, Evans and Lewes began living together in 1854, and did so until his death in 1878. He encouraged her to move toward the writing of fiction. Evans died in 1880, shortly after marrying J. Cross, an old friend and admirer. Educated at Winchester College and Harrow School, he became a clerk in the Post Office in 1834 and was transferred to Ireland as post-office surveyor in 1841. Trollope wrote an astonishing number of novels, and several volumes of short stories. How this enormous total was achieved in spite of official work of which, lightly as he took it, he did a good deal, and which he did not give up for many yearsof hunting three times a week in the season, of whist-playing, of not a little going into general society, he has explained with his usual curious minuteness. His most successful books describe life in the imaginary cathedral city of Barchester. He was born near Dorchester in Dorset. Over next 25 years, Hardy produced 10 more novels. Hardy died in 1928, dictating his final poem to his wife on his deathbed. Hardy was buried in the Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. Robert Louis Stevenson lived a brief but remarkable life. Stevenson spent the last few years of his life as a planter and storyteller on Samoa in the Pacific Ocean. Called the tale-teller by locals on the island of Samoa, Stevenson was equally admired by British readers for his writings about the art of craft of literature. These two books are very popular not only with children but with adults. Both books tell английская литература 19 века реферат of exiting and original adventures and have humorous characters. In the original editions, the imaginative illustrations by John Tenniel added to the attractiveness of the text 1866-1946 G. H Wellswho looked into the future, was born in Bromley, now a section of Greater London. He was 8, when he bloke his leg on the cricket field. While being ill he read many books on natural history. Wells was interested in biology, and his earliest works were textbooks. Later he became a professional writer of science fiction. Wells devoted more than 50 years of his life to literary work. He was the author of more than 40 novels and many short stories and articles. In 1878 Stoker accepted the job as business manager for Sir Henry Irving's Lyceum Theatre. Dracula tells the story of a vampiric Count, pursued relentlessly by those who would see him destroyed. His father was an artist and architect by profession. His mother was a good story-teller. This talent Arthur took from his mother and it helped him as a writer. He was one of the first to start the fashion of the detective stories. Its main characters were Sherlock Holmes and Dr. He wrote more than 20 stories about Sherlock Holmes. After his death in 1930, Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson continued to be among the favourite characters of English literature. Besides detective stories he also английская литература 19 века реферат historical novels and fantastic stories. At fifteen Shaw began working as a bookkeeper in a land agent's office. Outside of work, books, theater, and art captured his attention, but it was music that pervaded his home. His first years in London, 1876-1884, were filled with frustration and poverty. Shaw spent his days in the British Museum reading room writing novels and reading, and his evenings attending lectures and debates by the middle class intelligentsia. He became a vegetarian, a socialist, a skillful orator, and developed his first beginnings as a playwright. Shaw began his journalism career as a book reviewer and art, music, and drama critic. Shaw was known for his outspokenness and barbed humour. His mother, Lady Jane Francesca Wilde 1820-96was a writer of verse and prose. Wilde spent most of his career in England. After graduating from University, Wilde turned his attention to writing, travelling and lecturing. Wilde wrote poems, essays, reviews, letters. He attracted the attention of his audiences by the brilliance of his conversation, his knowledge. In his works, especially in tales, he glorifies beauty of nature and beauty of devoted love. The theme of most of his works is quite realistic. He shows the contrast between wealth and poverty. His own sympathy for poor, labouring people is quite evident. When released from prison in 1897, he lived in Paris. He died in a cheap Paris hotel at the age of 46.
Америка вступила в военный конфликт с Италией и Германией. Cross, an old friend and admirer. Захват местных государств сопровождались либо принудительным выселением индейского нарoда в резервации, либо полным уничтожением населения. Пороки способствуют развитию общества, утверждал Мандевиль, ибо они стимулируют деятельность людей: торговля непременно придет в упадок, если все станут бережливыми; исчезнут тюрьмы и суды, если исправятся все преступники. В компактных ювелирно отделанных стихотворениях Дж. Благодарны Дефо были и деятели лондонского Сити, увидев в нем собрата и защитника их общих интересов от посягательств лордов. Время создания учебника совпало с коренными переменами в жизни нашего общества. Стало образование нового суверенного государства. А бюргерскую точку зрения поддерживает индюк, который заявляет, что не понимает «с какой стати нужно вечно любить, коль от этого нету толку? Именно журналы давали возможность проследить за литературным процессом эпохи, за расширением Kpyгa интересов читающей публики. В 1800 году впервые появилось в печати «Слово о полку Игореве», в 1804 году - сборник «Древнейшие российские стихотворения» Кирши Данилова. Кроме общих вопросов, связанных с процессом развития литературы, предметом исследования литературоведов становиться непосредственно само произведение, законы его построения, специфика того или иного текста и т.